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We develop an analogue of probability theory for probabilities taking values in topological groups. We generalize Kolmogorov's method of axiomatization of probability theory: main distinguishing features of frequency probabilities are taken…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-06-26 Andrei Khrennikov

This is a chapter for the forthcoming New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, to be published by Cambridge University Press. A systematic theory of random variables and joint distributions under varying conditions is presented. This is a…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-12-10 Ehtibar Dzhafarov , Janne Kujala

There are multiple proposed interpretations of probability theory: one such interpretation is true-false logic under uncertainty. Cox's Theorem is a representation theorem that states, under a certain set of axioms describing the meaning of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-02-11 Alexander Terenin , David Draper

[Abridged] Some cosmological theories propose that the observable universe is a small part of a much larger universe in which parameters describing the low-energy laws of physics vary from region to region. How can we reasonably assess a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-04 Feraz Azhar , Alan H. Guth , Mohammad Hossein Namjoo

A quantum probability model is introduced and used to explain human probability judgment errors including the conjunction, disjunction, inverse, and conditional fallacies, as well as unpacking effects and partitioning effects. Quantum…

General Physics · Physics 2009-09-16 Jerome R. Busemeyer , Riccardo Franco , Emmanuel M. Pothos

Within psychology, neuroscience and artificial intelligence, there has been increasing interest in the proposal that the brain builds probabilistic models of sensory and linguistic input: that is, to infer a probabilistic model from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Paul M. B. Vitanyi , Nick Chater

Some criticisms that have been raised against the Cox approach to probability theory are addressed. Should we use a single real number to measure a degree of rational belief? Can beliefs be compared? Are the Cox axioms obvious? Are there…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-05-14 Ariel Caticha

The multitime probability distributions obtained by repeatedly probing a quantum system via the measurement of an observable generally violate Kolmogorov's consistency property. Therefore, one cannot interpret such distributions as the…

Probability is an important question in the ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics. It has been discussed in some trajectory interpretations such as Bohmian mechanics and stochastic mechanics. New questions arise when the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-10 Ciann-Dong Yang , Shiang-Yi Han

The Coding Theorem of L.A. Levin connects unconditional prefix Kolmogorov complexity with the discrete universal distribution. There are conditional versions referred to in several publications but as yet there exist no written proofs in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-01-23 Paul M. B. Vitanyi

We give a proof of Cox's Theorem on the product rule and sum rule for conditional plausibility without assuming continuity or differentiablity of plausibility. Instead, we extend the notion of plausibility to apply to unknowns giving them…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Maurice J. Dupre , Frank J. Tipler

Using the ideas of abstract algebra, we introduce the basic concepts of abstract probability theory that generalize the Kolmogorov's probability theory, possibility theory and other theories that deal with uncertainty. Based on abstract…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-12-29 Yurii Yurchenko

The Kolmogorov axioms for probability functions are placed in the context of signed meadows. A completeness theorem is stated and proven for the resulting equational theory of probability calculus. Elementary definitions of probability…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-12-23 Jan A. Bergstra , Alban Ponse

First the crucial but very confidential fact is brought into evidence that, as Kolmogorov himself repeatedly claimed, there exists no abstract theory of probabilities, simply because the factual concept of probability is itself unachieved:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-01-18 Mioara Mugur-Schachter

We consider a system of weak* closed sets of finite-dimensional distributions. We show that a corresponding system of random variables can be defined on a probability space with a probability measure determined up to some set of measures,…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-11-02 Victor Ivanenko , Illia Pasichnichenko

One can often encounter claims that classical (Kolmogorovian) probability theory cannot handle, or even is contradicted by, certain empirical findings or substantive theories. This note joins several previous attempts to explain that these…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-01-24 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Maria Kon

Tree-based priors for probability distributions are usually specified using a predetermined, data-independent collection of candidate recursive partitions of the sample space. To characterize an unknown target density in detail over the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-14 Li Ma , Benedetta Bruni

The quantum gravity has great difficulties with application of the probability notion. In given article this problem is analyzed according to algorithmic viewpoint. According to A.N. Kolmogorov, the probability notion can be connected with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 V. D. Dzhunushaliev

Max Born's statistical interpretation made probabilities play a major role in quantum theory. Here we show that these quantum probabilities and the classical probabilities have very different origins. While the latter always result from an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-27 Gerd Niestegge

R. Duncan Luce once mentioned in a conversation that he did not consider Kolmogorov's probability theory well-constructed because it treats stochastic independence as a "numerical accident," while it should be treated as a fundamental…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-02-12 Ehtibar Dzhafarov