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Introduced about thirty years ago in the field of Data Compression, the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a string transformation that, besides being a booster of the performance of memoryless compressors, plays a fundamental role in the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Raffaele Giancarlo , Giovanni Manzini , Antonio Restivo , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is often taught in undergraduate courses on algorithmic bioinformatics, because it underlies the FM-index and thus important tools such as Bowtie and BWA. Its admirers consider the BWT a thing of beauty…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini , Marinella Sciortino

In this paper we propose a flexible and lightweight technique for merging compressed indices based on variants of Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), thus addressing the need for algorithms that compute compressed indices over large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Lavinia Egidi , Giovanni Manzini

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a string transformation technique widely used in areas such as bioinformatics and file compression. Many applications combine a run-length encoding (RLE) with the BWT in a way which preserves the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Lily Major , Amanda Clare , Jacqueline W. Daykin , Benjamin Mora , Christine Zarges

Due to the exponential growth of genomic data, constructing dedicated data structures has become the principal bottleneck in common bioinformatics applications. In particular, the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is the basis of some of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Francesco Masillo

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an invertible text transformation that permutes symbols of a text according to the lexicographical order of its suffixes. BWT is the main component of popular lossless compression programs (such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

Constructing the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) for long strings poses significant challenges regarding construction time and memory usage. We use a prefix of the suffix array to partition a long string into shorter substrings, thereby…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Enno Adler , Stefan Böttcher , Rita Hartel

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a well studied text transformation widely used in data compression and text indexing. The BWT of two strings can also provide similarity measures between them, based on the observation that the more…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Felipe A. Louza , Guilherme P. Telles , Simon Gog , Liang Zhao

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an important technique both in data compression and in the design of compact indexing data structures. It has been generalized from single strings to collections of strings and some classes of labeled…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Jarno Alanko , Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Louisa Seelbach Benkner

Recently, Cenzato et al.\ proposed a new text index, called the \emph{suffixient array}, which is a subset of the suffix array and supports locating a single pattern occurrence or finding its maximal exact matches (MEMs), assuming random…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Paola Bonizzoni , Younan Gao , Brian Riccardi

In order to avoid the reference bias introduced by mapping reads to a reference genome, bioinformaticians are investigating reference-free methods for analyzing sequenced genomes. With large projects sequencing thousands of individuals,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-15 Jouni Sirén

Run-length encoding Burrows-Wheeler Transformed strings, resulting in Run-Length BWT (RLBWT), is a powerful tool for processing highly repetitive strings. We propose a new algorithm for online RLBWT working in run-compressed space, which…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Tatsuya Ohno , Yoshimasa Takabatake , Tomohiro I , Hiroshi Sakamoto

Cartesian tree matching is a form of generalized pattern matching where a substring of the text matches with the pattern if they share the same Cartesian tree. This form of matching finds application for time series of stock prices and can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Eric M. Osterkamp , Dominik Köppl

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is integral to the FM-index, which is used extensively in text compression, indexing, pattern search, and bioinformatic problems as de novo assembly and read alignment. Thus, efficient construction of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Enno Adler , Stefan Böttcher , Rita Hartel , Cederic Alexander Steininger

The compression of highly repetitive strings (i.e., strings with many repetitions) has been a central research topic in string processing, and quite a few compression methods for these strings have been proposed thus far. Among them, an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Takaaki Nishimoto , Shunsuke Kanda , Yasuo Tabei

It is known that the exact form of the Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) of a string collection depends, in most implementations, on the input order of the strings in the collection. Reordering strings of an input collection affects the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Davide Cenzato , Veronica Guerrini , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Giovanna Rosone

The Positional Burrows--Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is a data structure designed for efficiently representing and querying large collections of sequences, such as haplotype panels in genomics. Forward and backward stepping operations --…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Paola Bonizzoni , Davide Cozzi , Younan Gao

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform is a string transformation that plays a fundamental role for the design of self-indexing compressed data structures. Over the years, researchers have successfully extended this transformation outside the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Raffaele Giancarlo , Giovanni Manzini , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

We propose an external memory algorithm for the computation of the BWT and LCP array for a collection of sequences. Our algorithm takes the amount of available memory as an input parameter, and tries to make the best use of it by splitting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Lavinia Egidi , Felipe A. Louza , Giovanni Manzini , Guilherme P. Telles

Recently, Conte et al. generalized the longest-common prefix (LCP) array from strings to Wheeler DFAs, and they showed that it can be used to efficiently determine matching statistics on a Wheeler DFA [DCC 2023]. However, storing the LCP…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Nicola Cotumaccio , Travis Gagie , Dominik Köppl , Nicola Prezza