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Electricity peaks can be harmful to grid stability and result in additional generation costs to balance supply with demand. By developing a network of smart appliances together with a quasi-decentralized control protocol, direct load…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-01-24 Bowen Zhang , John Baillieul

One of the main responsibilities of a Transmission System Operator (TSO) operating an electric grid is to maintain a designated frequency (e.g., 50 Hz in Europe). To achieve this, TSOs have created several products called…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-29 Jöbke Janssen , Alessandro Zocca , Bert Zwart , Jalal Kazempour

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

Ensuring the frequency stability of electric grids with increasing renewable resources is a key problem in power system operations. In recent years, a number of advanced controllers have been designed to optimize frequency control. These…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-23 Wenqi Cui , Guanya Shi , Yuanyuan Shi , Baosen Zhang

This paper is the second part of a two-part series presenting the results from an experimental demonstration of frequency regulation in a commercial building test facility. In Part I, we developed relevant building models and designed a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-05-19 Evangelos Vrettos , Emre C. Kara , Jason MacDonald , Göran Andersson , Duncan S. Callaway

Frequency control (FC) enables utility-scale grid-connected hybrid power plants (HPPs) to operate in compliance with grid code requirements while to capture value streams from provision of frequency control services (FCSs). In this paper, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-05 Qian Long , Kaushik Das , Poul Sørensen

In multi-infeed hybrid AC-DC (MIDC) systems, the asynchronous interconnection between regional grids, the complicated system dynamics and possible cascading failures have an enormous effect on the frequency stability. In order to deal with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-27 Ye Liu , Chen Shen

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of power systems considering a network-preserving model with nonlinear power flows and excitation voltage dynamics. Salient features of the proposed distributed control strategy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , John Z. F. Pang , Steven Low , Shengwei Mei

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises the risk that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-28 Andreas Kasis , Ioannis Lestas

Due to possible emergency faults and frequency regulation reserve shortage in the multi-infeed hybrid AC-DC (MIDC) system, the emergency frequency control (EFC) with LCC-HVDC systems participating is important for system frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-17 Ye Liu , Chen Shen , Zhaojian Wang

The electric grid is undergoing a major transition from fossil fuel-based power generation to renewable energy sources, typically interfaced to the grid via power electronics. The future power systems are thus expected to face increased…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-13 Ognjen Stanojev , Ognjen Kundacina , Uros Markovic , Evangelos Vrettos , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

Battery energy storage boosts up the response speed of power system frequency regulation, but must be recharged carefully to minimize the distortion to the frequency regulation response. This paper proposes a nonlinear feedback controller…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-14 Wenting Ma , Bolun Xu

Variable-speed pumped-storage (VSPS) has great potential in helping solve the frequency control problem caused by low inertia, owing to its remarkable flexibility beyond conventional fixed-speed one, to make better use of which, a primary…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Changhong Deng , Qiuling Yang

In this article a model predictive control (MPC) based frequency control scheme for energy storage units was derived, focusing on the incorporation of stability constraints based on Lyapunov theory and the concept of passivity. The proposed…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-05-28 Christoph Trabert , Andreas Ulbig , Göran Andersson

The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control the demand side instead of increasing the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Eder Batista Tchawou Tchuisseu , Damià Gomila , Pere Colet

With the continuous increase in the penetration of renewable energy in the emerging power systems, the pressure on system peak regulation has been significantly intensified. Against this backdrop, demand side resources particularly air…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-15 Jinhua He , Tingzhe Pan , Chao Li , Xin Jin , Zijie Meng , Wei Zhou

This paper presents a novel frequency-responsive control scheme for demand-side resources, such as electric water heaters. A frequency-dependent control law is designed to provide damping from distributed energy resources (DERs) in a fully…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Hani Mavalizadeh , Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa , Mads R. Almassalkhi

Distributed generation resources have become significantly more prevalent in the electric power system over the past few years. This warrants reconsideration on how the coordination of generation resources is achieved. In this paper, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-09-19 Chenye Wu , Soummya Kar , Gabriela Hug

We present a stochastic model predictive control (MPC) framework for central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) plants. The framework uses real data to forecast and quantify uncertainty of disturbances affecting the system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-25 Ranjeet Kumar , Michael J. Wenzel , Mohammad N. ElBsat , Michael J. Risbeck , Kirk H. Drees , Victor M. Zavala

With the increasing use of renewable generation in power systems, responsive resources will be necessary to support primary frequency control in future low-inertia/under-damped power systems. Flexible loads can provide fast-frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-28 Hani Mavalizadeh , Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa , Mads R. Almassalkhi