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Optimally combining frequency control with self-consumption can increase revenues from battery storage systems installed behind-the-meter. This work presents an optimized control strategy that allows a battery to be used simultaneously for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-01-01 Jonas Engels , Bert Claessens , Geert Deconinck

We consider the decentralized control of radial distribution systems with controllable photovoltaic inverters and energy storage resources. For such systems, we investigate the problem of designing fully decentralized controllers that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-03 Weixuan Lin , Eilyan Bitar

As renewable energy penetration increases and system inertia levels drop, primary frequency control is becoming a critical concern in relatively small interconnections such as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). To address…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-17 Manuel Garcia , Ross Baldick

As the proportion of renewable energy and power electronics in the power system increases, modeling frequency dynamics under power deficits becomes more challenging. Although data-driven methods help mitigate these challenges, they are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Qianni Cao , Chen Shen

Power grid frequency control is a demanding task requiring expensive idle power plants to adapt the supply to the fluctuating demand. An alternative approach is controlling the demand side in such a way that certain appliances modify their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-08-09 E. B. Tchawou Tchuisseu , D. Gomila , D. Brunner , P. Colet

Frequency restoration in power systems is conventionally performed by broadcasting a centralized signal to local controllers. As a result of the energy transition, technological advances, and the scientific interest in distributed control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Erieke Weitenberg , Yan Jiang , Changhong Zhao , Enrique Mallada , Claudio De Persis , Florian Dörfler

In this paper we propose distributed dynamic controllers for sharing both frequency containment and restoration reserves of asynchronous AC systems connected through a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. The communication structure of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-14 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

To address the control challenges associated with the increasing share of inverter-connected renewable energy resources, this paper proposes a direct data-driven approach for fast frequency control in the bulk power system. The proposed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-12 Etinosa Ekomwenrenren , John W. Simpson-Porco , Evangelos Farantatos , Mahendra Patel , Aboutaleb Haddadi , Lin Zhu

Frequency control rebalances supply and demand while maintaining the network state within operational margins. It is implemented using fast ramping reserves that are expensive and wasteful, and which are expected to grow with the increasing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-11-19 Enrique Mallada , Changhong Zhao , Steven H. Low

With increased wind power penetration in modern power systems, wind plants are required to provide frequency support similar to conventional plants. However, for the existing frequency regulation scheme of wind turbines, the control gains…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Cheng Zhong , Yueming Lv , Huayi Li , JiKai Chen , Yang Li

This paper investigates how a thermostatically controlled load can deliver flexibility either in form of manual frequency restoration reserves (mFRR) or load shifting, and which one is financially more appealing to such a load. A…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-15 Peter A. V. Gade , Trygve Skjøtskift , Charalampos Ziras , Henrik W. Bindner , Jalal Kazempour

In the context of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs), the integration of frequency containment reserve (FCR) and fast frequency control (FFC) enabled via local compensation of power imbalance represents a significant advancement in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Saif Ahmad , Seifeddine Ben Elghali , Hafiz Ahmed

This paper proposes a new strategy for optimal grid frequency regulation (FR) in an interconnected power system where regional ac grids and an offshore wind farm are linked via a multi-terminal high voltage direct-current (MTDC) network. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-10 Young-Jin Kim

Uncertainty levels in forecasting of renewable generation and demand are known to affect the amount of reserve required to operate the power grid with a given level of reliability. In this paper, we quantify the effects on the system…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-06-18 Yihui Zuo , Fabrizio Sossan , Mokhtar Bozorg , Mario Paolone

We study the problem of decentralized secondary frequency regulation in power networks where ancillary services are provided via on-off load-side participation. We initially consider on-off loads that switch when prescribed frequency…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

In this paper, we design real-time decentralized and distributed control schemes for Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in energy efficient buildings. The control schemes balance user comfort and energy saving, and are…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-02-14 Xuan Zhang , Wenbo Shi , Bin Yan , Ali Malkawi , Na Li

Modern district heating technologies have a great potential to make the energy sector more flexible and sustainable due to their capabilities to use energy sources of varied nature and to efficiently store energy for subsequent use. Central…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-03 Juan E. Machado , Joel Ferguson , Michele Cucuzzella , Jacquelien M. A. Scherpen

With Europe dedicated to limiting climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, large shares of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are being integrated in the national grids, phasing out conventional generation. The new challenges arising from…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-15 Andrea Tosatto , Georgios Misyris , Adrià Junyent-Ferré , Fei Teng , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Model-Free Control (MFC) has been applied to a wide variety of systems in which it has shown its performance. MFC offers "model-free operation", but the controller design requires some information from the nominal plant. This paper…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-05 Marcos Moreno-Gonzalez , Antonio Artuñedo , Jorge Villagra