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We consider a slight modification of the frog model. For a given graph, each vertex has $\mathrm{Poisson}(\lambda)$ particles (or frogs). At time zero, only the particles at the origin are active, and all the other particles are sleeping.…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Omer Angel , Daniel de la Riva , Jonathan Hermon , Yuliang Shi

Place one active particle at the root of a graph and a Poisson-distributed number of dormant particles at the other vertices. Active particles perform simple random walk. Once the number of visits to a site reaches a random threshold, any…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-05-22 Matthew Junge , Zoe McDonald , Jean Pulla , Lily Reeves

We study the frog model on \( \mathbb{Z} \) with geometric lifetimes, introducing a random survival parameter. Active and inactive particles are placed at the vertices of \( \mathbb{Z} \). The lifetime of each active particle follows a…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Gustavo O. de Carvalho , Fábio P. Machado

In this work we prove a shape theorem for a growing set of Simple Random Walks (SRWs), known as frog model. The dynamics of this process is described as follows: There are some active particles, which perform independent SRWs, and sleeping…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 O. S. M. Alves , S. Yu. Popov , F. P. Machado

Place an active particle at the root of the infinite $d$-ary tree and dormant particles at each non-root site. Active particles move towards the root with probability $p$ and otherwise move to a uniformly sampled child vertex. When an…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-09-28 Poly Mathews

The frog model is a system of random walks where active particles set sleeping particles in motion. On the complete graph with n vertices it is equivalent to a well-understood rumor spreading model. We given an alternate and elementary…

The frog model starts with one active particle at the root of a graph and some number of dormant particles at all nonroot vertices. Active particles follow independent random paths, waking all inactive particles they encounter. We prove…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-09-25 Tobias Johnson , Matthew Junge

Consider a Poisson process on $\mathbb{R}$ with intensity $f$ where $0 \leq f(x)<\infty$ for ${x}\geq 0$ and ${f(x)}=0$ for $x<0$. The "points" of the process represent sleeping frogs. In addition, there is one active frog initially located…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-02-08 Josh Rosenberg

A two-type version of the frog model on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ is formulated, where active type $i$ particles move according to lazy random walks with probability $p_i$ of jumping in each time step ($i=1,2$). Each site is independently assigned a…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-02-06 Maria Deijfen , Timo Hirscher , Fabio Lopes

Place an active particle at the root of a $d$-ary tree and a single dormant particle at each non-root site. In discrete time, active particles move towards the root with probability $p$ and, otherwise, away from the root to a uniformly…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-03-29 Emma Bailey , Matthew Junge , Jiaqi Liu

In this paper we observe the frog model, an infinite system of interacting random walks, on Z with an asymmetric underlying random walk. Under the assumption of transience with a fixed frog distribution, we construct an explicit formula for…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-02-11 Arka P. Ghosh , Steven Noren , Alexander Roitershtein

We consider the continuous-time frog model on $\mathbb{Z}$. At time $t = 0$, there are $\eta (x)$ particles at $x\in \mathbb{Z}$, each of which is represented by a random variable. In particular, $(\eta(x))_{x \in \mathbb{Z} }$ is a…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-09-28 Viktor Bezborodov , Luca Di Persio , Peter Kuchling

The rotor walk on a graph is a deterministic analogue of random walk. Each vertex is equipped with a rotor, which routes the walker to the neighbouring vertices in a fixed cyclic order on successive visits. We consider rotor walk on an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-09-27 Omer Angel , Alexander E. Holroyd

The contact process on an infinite homogeneous tree is shown to exhibit at least two phase transitions as the infection parameter lambda is varied. For small values of lambda a single infection eventually dies out. For larger lambda the…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Robin Pemantle

The frog model with a Bernoulli initial configuration is an interacting particle system on the $d$-dimensional lattice ($d \geq 2$) with two types of particles: active and sleeping. Active particles perform independent simple random walks.…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Ryoki Fukushima , Naoki Kubota

This paper is concerned with contact process with random vertex weights on regular trees, and study the asymptotic behavior of the critical infection rate as the degree of the trees increasing to infinity. In this model, the infection…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-03-08 Yu Pan , Dayue Chen , Xiaofeng Xue

Random walkers characterized by random positions and random velocities lead to normal diffusion. A random walk was originally proposed by Einstein to model Brownian motion and to demonstrate the existence of atoms and molecules. Such a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-01 Daniel Escaff , Raul Toral , Christian Van den Broeck , Katja Lindenberg

Coalescing-branching random walks, or {\em cobra walks} for short, are a natural variant of random walks on graphs that can model the spread of disease through contacts or the spread of information in networks. In a $k$-cobra walk, at each…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Michael Mitzenmacher , Rajmohan Rajaraman , Scott Roche

We study the frog model on Cayley graphs of groups with polynomial growth rate $D \geq 3$. The frog model is an interacting particle system in discrete time. We consider that the process begins with a particle at each vertex of the graph…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Cristian F. Coletti , Lucas R. de Lima

We consider the so-called frog model with random initial configurations. The dynamics of this model is described as follows: Some particles are randomly assigned on any site of the multidimensional cubic lattice. Initially, only particles…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Naoki Kubota