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Quantum error correction methods use processing power to combat noise. The noise level which can be tolerated in a fault-tolerant method is therefore a function of the computational resources available, especially the size of computer and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Andrew Steane

Quantum error correction allows inherently noisy quantum devices to emulate an ideal quantum computer with reasonable resource overhead. As a crucial component, decoding architectures have received significant attention recently. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Kai Zhang , Jubo Xu , Fang Zhang , Linghang Kong , Zhengfeng Ji , Jianxin Chen

Designing encoding and decoding circuits to reliably send messages over many uses of a noisy channel is a central problem in communication theory. When studying the optimal transmission rates achievable with asymptotically vanishing error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-07 Matthias Christandl , Alexander Müller-Hermes

Quantum error correction codes (QECCs) are critical for realizing reliable quantum computing by protecting fragile quantum states against noise and errors. However, limited research has analyzed the noise resilience of QECCs to help select…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Avimita Chatterjee , Subrata Das , Swaroop Ghosh

We describe a concrete device roadmap towards a fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture based on noise-resilient, topologically protected Majorana-based qubits. Our roadmap encompasses four generations of devices: a single-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 David Aasen , Morteza Aghaee , Zulfi Alam , Mariusz Andrzejczuk , Andrey Antipov , Mikhail Astafev , Lukas Avilovas , Amin Barzegar , Bela Bauer , Jonathan Becker , Juan M. Bello-Rivas , Umesh Bhaskar , Alex Bocharov , Srini Boddapati , David Bohn , Jouri Bommer , Parsa Bonderson , Jan Borovsky , Leo Bourdet , Samuel Boutin , Tom Brown , Gary Campbell , Lucas Casparis , Srivatsa Chakravarthi , Rui Chao , Benjamin J. Chapman , Sohail Chatoor , Anna Wulff Christensen , Patrick Codd , William Cole , Paul Cooper , Fabiano Corsetti , Ajuan Cui , Wim van Dam , Tareq El Dandachi , Sahar Daraeizadeh , Adrian Dumitrascu , Andreas Ekefjärd , Saeed Fallahi , Luca Galletti , Geoff Gardner , Raghu Gatta , Haris Gavranovic , Michael Goulding , Deshan Govender , Flavio Griggio , Ruben Grigoryan , Sebastian Grijalva , Sergei Gronin , Jan Gukelberger , Jeongwan Haah , Marzie Hamdast , Esben Bork Hansen , Matthew Hastings , Sebastian Heedt , Samantha Ho , Justin Hogaboam , Laurens Holgaard , Kevin Van Hoogdalem , Jinnapat Indrapiromkul , Henrik Ingerslev , Lovro Ivancevic , Sarah Jablonski , Thomas Jensen , Jaspreet Jhoja , Jeffrey Jones , Kostya Kalashnikov , Ray Kallaher , Rachpon Kalra , Farhad Karimi , Torsten Karzig , Seth Kimes , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Maren Elisabeth Kloster , Christina Knapp , Derek Knee , Jonne Koski , Pasi Kostamo , Jamie Kuesel , Brad Lackey , Tom Laeven , Jeffrey Lai , Gijs de Lange , Thorvald Larsen , Jason Lee , Kyunghoon Lee , Grant Leum , Kongyi Li , Tyler Lindemann , Marijn Lucas , Roman Lutchyn , Morten Hannibal Madsen , Nash Madulid , Michael Manfra , Signe Brynold Markussen , Esteban Martinez , Marco Mattila , Jake Mattinson , Robert McNeil , Antonio Rodolph Mei , Ryan V. Mishmash , Gopakumar Mohandas , Christian Mollgaard , Michiel de Moor , Trevor Morgan , George Moussa , Anirudh Narla , Chetan Nayak , Jens Hedegaard Nielsen , William Hvidtfelt Padkær Nielsen , Frédéric Nolet , Mike Nystrom , Eoin O'Farrell , Keita Otani , Adam Paetznick , Camille Papon , Andres Paz , Karl Petersson , Luca Petit , Dima Pikulin , Diego Olivier Fernandez Pons , Sam Quinn , Mohana Rajpalke , Alejandro Alcaraz Ramirez , Katrine Rasmussen , David Razmadze , Ben Reichardt , Yuan Ren , Ken Reneris , Roy Riccomini , Ivan Sadovskyy , Lauri Sainiemi , Juan Carlos Estrada Saldaña , Irene Sanlorenzo , Simon Schaal , Emma Schmidgall , Cristina Sfiligoj , Marcus P. da Silva , Shilpi Singh , Sarat Sinha , Mathias Soeken , Patrick Sohr , Tomas Stankevic , Lieuwe Stek , Patrick Strøm-Hansen , Eric Stuppard , Aarthi Sundaram , Henri Suominen , Judith Suter , Satoshi Suzuki , Krysta Svore , Sam Teicher , Nivetha Thiyagarajah , Raj Tholapi , Mason Thomas , Dennis Tom , Emily Toomey , Josh Tracy , Matthias Troyer , Michelle Turley , Matthew D. Turner , Shivendra Upadhyay , Ivan Urban , Alexander Vaschillo , Dmitrii Viazmitinov , Dominik Vogel , Zhenghan Wang , John Watson , Alex Webster , Joseph Weston , Timothy Williamson , Georg W. Winkler , David J. van Woerkom , Brian Paquelet Wütz , Chung Kai Yang , Richard Yu , Emrah Yucelen , Jesús Herranz Zamorano , Roland Zeisel , Guoji Zheng , Justin Zilke , Andrew Zimmerman

The fragile nature of quantum information limits our ability to construct large quantities of quantum bits suitable for quantum computing. An important goal, therefore, is to minimize the amount of resources required to implement quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-11 Adam Paetznick , Austin G. Fowler

Sensitivity to noise makes most of the current quantum computing schemes prone to error and nonscalable, allowing only for small proof-of-principle devices. Topologically-protected quantum computing aims at solving this problem by encoding…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-12-17 Helmut G. Katzgraber , Ruben S. Andrist

Most quantum computing architectures can be realized as two-dimensional lattices of qubits that interact with each other. We take transmon qubits and transmission line resonators as promising candidates for qubits and couplers; we use them…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-03-14 Martin Wosnitzka , Fabio L. Pedrocchi , David P. DiVincenzo

Fault-tolerant capacities quantify the ability of a quantum channel to reliably transmit information when every component of the encoding and decoding procedure is noisy. Earlier work analyzed achievable communication rates under such noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Paula Belzig , Hayata Yamasaki

Scalable quantum computing can only be achieved if qubits are manipulated fault-tolerantly. Topological error correction - a novel method which combines topological quantum computing and quantum error correction - possesses the highest…

Quantum computing holds the promise of solving classically intractable problems. Enabling this requires scalable and hardware-efficient quantum processors with vanishing error rates. This perspective manuscript describes how bosonic codes,…

The construction of topological error correction codes requires the ability to fabricate a lattice of physical qubits embedded on a manifold with a non-trivial topology such that the quantum information is encoded in the global degrees of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-18 James M. Auger , Hussain Anwar , Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia , Thomas M. Stace , Dan E. Browne

The surface code is a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation, achieving a high threshold error rate with nearest-neighbor gates in two spatial dimensions. Here, through a series of numerical simulations, we investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-18 Ashley M. Stephens

A key challenge in fault-tolerant quantum computing is synthesising and optimising circuits in a noisy environment, as traditional techniques often fail to account for the effect of noise on circuits. In this work, we propose and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Benjamin Rodatz , Boldizsár Poór , Aleks Kissinger

Fault-tolerant quantum computation allows quantum computations to be carried out while resisting unwanted noise. Several error-correcting codes have been developed to achieve this task, but none alone are capable of universal quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos , Ramin Ayanzadeh

Quantum error correction is necessary for large-scale quantum computing. A promising quantum error correcting code is the surface code. For this code, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) can be performed via lattice surgery, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Daniel Bochen Tan , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Craig Gidney

Fault-tolerant quantum computation traditionally incurs substantial resource overhead, with both qubit and time overheads scaling polylogarithmically with the size of the computation. While prior work by Gottesman showed that constant qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami

In near-term quantum computing devices, connectivity between qubits remain limited by architectural constraints. A computational circuit with given connectivity requirements necessary for multi-qubit gates have to be embedded within…

Quantum computers are expected to bring drastic acceleration to several computing tasks against classical computers. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, which have tens to hundreds of noisy physical qubits, are gradually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Yutaro Akahoshi , Kazunori Maruyama , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum low-density parity check (qLDPC) codes are among the leading candidates to realize error-corrected quantum memories with low qubit overhead. Potentially high encoding rates and large distance relative to their block size make them…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Josias Old , Juval Bechar , Markus Müller , Sascha Heußen