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In this article, we study subword complexity of colorings of regular trees. We characterize colorings of bounded subword complexity and study Sturmian colorings, which are colorings of minimal unbounded subword complexity. We classify…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Dong Han Kim , Seonhee Lim

Quasi-Sturmian words, which are infinite words with factor complexity eventually $n+c$ share many properties with Sturmian words. In this paper, we study the quasi-Sturmian colorings on regular trees. There are two different types, bounded…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Dong Han Kim , Seul Bee Lee , Seonhee Lim , Deokwon Sim

We introduce the notion of $\alpha$-numbers and formal intercept of sturmian words, and derive from this study general factorisations formula for sturmian words. Sturmian words are defined as infinite words with lowest unbound complexity,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-21 Caius Wojcik

In this paper, we analyze the periodic factors of Sturmian words for the findings to lead to a linear-time algorithm for the computation of runs in this class of words which, to our best knowledge, is an open problem in literature.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-03-08 Ayse Karaman

Sturmian words are infinite binary words with many equivalent definitions: They have a minimal factor complexity among all aperiodic sequences; they are balanced sequences (the labels 0 and 1 are as evenly distributed as possible) and they…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2008-09-12 Nicolas Gast , Bruno Gaujal

A coloring of a graph G = (V,E) is a partition {V1, V2, . . ., Vk} of V into independent sets or color classes. A vertex v Vi is a Grundy vertex if it is adjacent to at least one vertex in each color class Vj . A coloring is a Grundy…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-02-13 Ali Mansouri , Mohamed Salim Bouhlel

Coloring is a notoriously hard problem, and even more so in the online setting, where each arriving vertex has to be colored immediately and irrevocably. Already on trees, which are trivially two-colorable, it is impossible to achieve…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Fabian Frei , Matthias Gehnen , Dennis Komm , Rastislav Královič , Richard Královič , Peter Rossmanith , Moritz Stocker

We introduce and study a new complexity function in combinatorics on words, which takes into account the smallest second occurrence time of a factor of an infinite word. We characterize the eventually periodic words and the Sturmian words…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-08-24 Yann Bugeaud , Dong Han Kim

Decision trees are popular classification models, providing high accuracy and intuitive explanations. However, as the tree size grows the model interpretability deteriorates. Traditional tree-induction algorithms, such as C4.5 and CART,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Guangyi Zhang , Aristides Gionis

We show that, for every $\epsilon>0$, the 4-regular tree has an fiid 4-coloring where a given vertex is assigned the 4th color with probability at most $\epsilon$. We also construct 5-colorings of $T_6$ improving known bounds on the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-06 Riley Thornton

A $b$-coloring of a graph is a proper vertex coloring such that each color class contains a vertex that sees all other colors in its neighborhood. The $b$-coloring problem, in which the task is to decide whether a graph admits a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Jakub Balabán

This article considers some affine algebraic varieties attached to finite trees and closely related to cluster algebras. Their definition involves a canonical coloring of vertices of trees into three colors. These varieties are proved to be…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2014-03-04 Frédéric Chapoton

Chromatic polynomials have been studied extensively, giving us results such as the Fundamental Reduction Theorem and closed formulas for the chromatic polynomials of common classes of graphs. Though, none of those extend to the context of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-20 Pedro M. Recuero

There are many variations on partition functions for graph homomorphisms or colorings. The case considered here is a counting or hard constraint problem in which the range or color graph carries a free and vertex transitive Abelian group…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-04-06 Eric Babson , Matthias Beck

We prove that every (possibly infinite) graph of degree at most $d$ has a 4-dependent random proper $4^{d(d+1)/2}$-coloring, and one can construct it as a finitary factor of iid. For unimodular transitive (or unimodular random) graphs we…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-02-28 Ádám Timár

In a bounded max-coloring of a vertex/edge weighted graph, each color class is of cardinality at most $b$ and of weight equal to the weight of the heaviest vertex/edge in this class. The bounded max-vertex/edge-coloring problems ask for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-04-13 Evripidis Bampis , Alexander Kononov , Giorgio Lucarelli , Ioannis Milis

This paper derives a unifying theorem establishing consistency results for a broad class of tree-based algorithms. It improves current results in two aspects. First of all, it can be applied to algorithms that vary from traditional Random…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-22 Ricardo Blum , Munir Hiabu , Enno Mammen , Joseph T. Meyer

We consider a graph coloring algorithm that processes vertices in order taken uniformly at random and assigns colors to them using First-Fit strategy. We show that this algorithm uses, in expectation, at most $(1 + o(1))\cdot \ln n \,/\,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Bartłomiej Bosek , Grzegorz Gutowski , Michał Lasoń , Jakub Przybyło

We consider the following open question in the spirit of Ramsey theory: Given an aperiodic infinite word $w$, does there exist a finite coloring of its factors such that no factorization of $w$ is monochromatic? We show that such a coloring…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-23 Aldo de Luca , Elena V. Pribavkina , Luca Q. Zamboni

We show that the permutation complexity of the image of a Sturmian word by a binary marked morphism is $n+k$ for some constant $k$ and all lengths $n$ sufficiently large.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Adam Borchert , Narad Rampersad
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