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Vector Quantization (VQ) has emerged as a prominent weight compression technique, showcasing substantially lower quantization errors than uniform quantization across diverse models, particularly in extreme compression scenarios. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuaiting Li , Juncan Deng , Chenxuan Wang , Kedong Xu , Rongtao Deng , Hong Gu , Haibin Shen , Kejie Huang

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have gained significant attention as a potential solution for various quantum computing applications in the near term. However, implementing these algorithms on quantum devices often necessitates a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Seyed Sajad Kahani , Amin Nobakhti

This paper proposes a new method for vector quantization by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler Divergence between the class label distributions over the quantization inputs, which are original vectors, and the output, which is the quantization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-02-02 Lan Yang , Jingbin Wang , Yujin Tu , Prarthana Mahapatra , Nelson Cardoso

Vector quantization is a technique in machine learning that discretizes continuous representations into a set of discrete vectors. It is widely employed in tokenizing data representations for large language models, diffusion models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Rushi Shah , Yudi Wu , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

Generative models with discrete latent representations have recently demonstrated an impressive ability to learn complex high-dimensional data distributions. However, their performance relies on a long sequence of tokens per instance and a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 David D. Nguyen , David Leibowitz , Surya Nepal , Salil S. Kanhere

The Double Vector Quantization method, a long-term forecasting method based on the SOM algorithm, has been used to predict the 100 missing values of the CATS competition data set. An analysis of the proposed time series is provided to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Geoffroy Simon , John Lee , Marie Cottrell , Michel Verleysen

Similarity search retrieves the nearest neighbors of a query vector from a dataset of high-dimensional vectors. As the size of the dataset grows, the cost of performing the distance computations needed to implement a query can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Soroosh Khoram , Stephen J Wright , Jing Li

Quantizing images into discrete representations has been a fundamental problem in unified generative modeling. Predominant approaches learn the discrete representation either in a deterministic manner by selecting the best-matching token or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jiahui Zhang , Fangneng Zhan , Christian Theobalt , Shijian Lu

Existing neural networks are memory-consuming and computationally intensive, making deploying them challenging in resource-constrained environments. However, there are various methods to improve their efficiency. Two such methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Anastasiia Prutianova , Alexey Zaytsev , Chung-Kuei Lee , Fengyu Sun , Ivan Koryakovskiy

There is an increasing adoption of machine learning for encoding data into vectors to serve online recommendation and search use cases. As a result, recent data management systems propose augmenting query processing with online vector…

Visually impaired users face significant challenges in daily information access and real-time environmental perception, and there is an urgent need for intelligent assistive systems with accurate recognition capabilities. Although…

Learning discrete representations with vector quantization (VQ) has emerged as a powerful approach in various generative models. However, most VQ-based models rely on a single, fixed-rate codebook, requiring extensive retraining for new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiwan Seo , Joonhyuk Kang

Vector Quantization (VQ) underpins many modern generative frameworks such as VQ-VAE, VQ-GAN, and latent diffusion models. Yet, it suffers from the persistent problem of codebook collapse, where a large fraction of code vectors remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hao Lu , Onur C. Koyun , Yongxin Guo , Zhengjie Zhu , Abbas Alili , Metin Nafi Gurcan

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a method for discretizing latent representations and has become a major part of the deep learning toolkit. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that discretization of representations leads to improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Dianbo Liu , Alex Lamb , Xu Ji , Pascal Notsawo , Mike Mozer , Yoshua Bengio , Kenji Kawaguchi

Vector Quantization (VQ) techniques face significant challenges in codebook utilization, limiting reconstruction fidelity in image modeling. We introduce a Dual Codebook mechanism that effectively addresses this limitation by partitioning…

Vector Quantisation (VQ) is experiencing a comeback in machine learning, where it is increasingly used in representation learning. However, optimizing the codevectors in existing VQ-VAE is not entirely trivial. A problem is codebook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Chuanxia Zheng , Andrea Vedaldi

Vector quantization is a technique in machine learning that discretizes continuous representations into a set of discrete vectors. It is widely employed in tokenizing data representations for large language models, diffusion models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Rushi Shah , Dianbo Liu

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) plays a critical role in applications such as search engines, recommender systems, and RAG for LLMs. Vector quantization (VQ), a crucial technique for ANNS, is commonly used to reduce space…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Hui Li , Shiyuan Deng , Xiao Yan , Xiangyu Zhi , James Cheng

Generative retrieval-based recommendation has emerged as a promising paradigm aiming at directly generating the identifiers of the target candidates. However, in large-scale recommendation systems, this approach becomes increasingly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Penglong Zhai , Yifang Yuan , Fanyi Di , Jie Li , Yue Liu , Chen Li , Jie Huang , Sicong Wang , Yao Xu , Xin Li

The analysis and quantification of sequence complexity is an open problem frequently encountered when defining trajectory prediction benchmarks. In order to enable a more informative assembly of a data basis, an approach for determining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Ronny Hug , Stefan Becker , Wolfgang Hübner , Michael Arens