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Chain-of-thought (CoT) is a method that enables language models to handle complex reasoning tasks by decomposing them into simpler steps. Despite its success, the underlying mechanics of CoT are not yet fully understood. In an attempt to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Yingcong Li , Kartik Sreenivasan , Angeliki Giannou , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Samet Oymak

Many systems involve numerous interacting parts and the whole system can have properties that the individual parts do not. I take this novelty as the defining characteristic of an emergent property. Other characteristics associated with…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Ross H. McKenzie

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting reliably improves language-model accuracy, but which properties of a rationale text drive the improvement is poorly understood. Prior work has largely studied generation-time behavior. We instead ask a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xiang Wang , Wei Wei

When a large number of similar entities interact among each other and with their environment at a low scale, unexpected outcomes at higher spatio-temporal scales might spontaneously arise. This nontrivial phenomenon, known as emergence,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-05-25 Oriol Artime , Manlio De Domenico

Generating intermediate steps, or Chain of Thought (CoT), is an effective way to significantly improve language models' (LM) multi-step reasoning capability. However, the CoT lengths can grow rapidly with the problem complexity, easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Soochan Lee , Gunhee Kim

The term behavior engineering (BE) encompasses a broad integration of behavioral and compositional requirements needed to model large-scale systems. BE forms a connection between systems-engineering processes and software-engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Sabah Al-Fedaghi

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) is an efficient prompting method that enables the reasoning ability of large language models by augmenting the query using multiple examples with multiple intermediate steps. Despite the empirical success, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hongkang Li , Songtao Lu , Pin-Yu Chen , Xiaodong Cui , Meng Wang

We introduce a basic model for contracts. Our model extends event structures with a new relation, which faithfully captures the circular dependencies among contract clauses. We establish whether an agreement exists which respects all the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-02-27 Massimo Bartoletti , Tiziana Cimoli , G. Michele Pinna , Roberto Zunino

Unlike computation or the numerical analysis of differential equations, simulation does not have a well established conceptual and mathematical foundation. Simulation is an arguable unique union of modeling and computation. However,…

adap-org · Physics 2008-02-03 Steen Rasmussen , Christopher Barrett

We build on the classification in [1] of event sequences in the influence network as respecting collinearity or not, so as to determine in future work what phenomena arise in each case. Collinearity enables each observer to uniquely…

Classical Physics · Physics 2016-11-23 James Lyons Walsh , Kevin H. Knuth

Several theoretical results concerning event-by-event fluctuations are discussed: (1) a role of the global conservation laws and concept of statistical ensembles; (2) strongly intensive measures are introduced; they give a possibility to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-18 Mark I. Gorenstein

The concept of emergence is critically analyzed in particular with respect to the assumed emergence of mental properties from a neuronal basis. We argue that so-called contextual emergence is needed to avoid an eliminatory reductionism.…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-02-23 Hartmann Römer

Purpose - This paper presents a methodology for defining and modeling context-awareness and describing efficiently the interactions between systems, applications and their context. Also the relation of modern context-aware systems with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Panteleimon Rodis

In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the availability of datasets which contain information about the location and timing of an event or group of events and the application of methods to analyse spatio-temporal datasets…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-02 Nik Lomax , Nick Malleson , Le-Minh Kieu

Individuals have an intuitive perception of what makes a good coincidence. Though the sensitivity to coincidences has often been presented as resulting from an erroneous assessment of probability, it appears to be a genuine competence,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-21 Jean-Louis J. -L. Dessalles

Although Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has achieved remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), the mechanism of CoT remains a ``black box''. Even if the correct answers can frequently be obtained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jiarun Fu , Lizhong Ding , Hao Li , Pengqi Li , Qiuning Wei , Xu Chen

The program of a physical concept of information is outlined in the framework of quantum theory. A proposal is made for how to avoid the introduction of axiomatic observables. The conventional (collapse) and the Everett interpretations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 H. D. Zeh

Beneficial to advanced computing devices, models with massive parameters are increasingly employed to extract more information to enhance the precision in describing and predicting the patterns of objective systems. This phenomenon is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Liye Jia , Fengyufan Yang , Ka Lok Man , Erick Purwanto , Sheng-Uei Guan , Jeremy Smith , Yutao Yue

Event prediction is the ability of anticipating future events, i.e., future real-world occurrences, and aims to support the user in deciding on actions that change future events towards a desired state. An event prediction method learns the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Janik-Vasily Benzin , Stefanie Rinderle-Ma

This paper presents an elementary introduction to Consistent Quantum Theory (CQT), as developed by Griffiths and others over the past 25 years. The theory is a version of orthodox(Copenhagen) quantum mechanics, based on the notion that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-06 Pierre C. Hohenberg