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In a seminal paper from 1985, Sistla and Clarke showed that satisfiability for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is either NP-complete or PSPACE-complete, depending on the set of temporal operators used. If, in contrast, the set of propositional…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Michael Bauland , Thomas Schneider , Henning Schnoor , Ilka Schnoor , Heribert Vollmer

Temporal logics are widely used by the Formal Methods and AI communities. Linear Temporal Logic is a popular temporal logic and is valued for its ease of use as well as its balance between expressiveness and complexity. LTL is equivalent in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Kevin W. Smith , Moshe Y. Vardi

In this paper we introduce a class of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) specifications for which the problem of synthesizing controllers can be solved in polynomial time. The new class of specifications is an LTL fragment that we term Mode-Target…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-20 Ayca Balkan , Moshe Vardi , Paulo Tabuada

Strategy synthesis typically follows an all-or-nothing paradigm, returning unrealisable whenever a specification cannot be guaranteed in an uncertain environment. In this paper, we introduce optimal LTLf synthesis, where the goal is to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yujian Cao , Sven Schewe , Qiyi Tang , Shufang Zhu

We address the problem of diagnosing and repairing specifications for hybrid systems formalized in signal temporal logic (STL). Our focus is on the setting of automatic synthesis of controllers in a model predictive control (MPC) framework.…

We consider the optimization variant of the realizability problem for Prompt Linear Temporal Logic, an extension of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) by the prompt eventually operator whose scope is bounded by some parameter. In the realizability…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-09-15 Leander Tentrup , Alexander Weinert , Martin Zimmermann

We show that Branching-time temporal logics CTL and CTL*, as well as Alternating-time temporal logics ATL and ATL*, are as semantically expressive in the language with a single propositional variable as they are in the full language, i.e.,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Mikhail Rybakov , Dmitry Shkatov

Reactive synthesis is the process of generating correct controllers from temporal logic specifications. Classical LTL reactive synthesis handles (propositional) LTL as a specification language. Boolean abstractions allow reducing LTLt…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Andoni Rodríguez , Felipe Gorostiaga , César Sánchez

LTL3 is a multi-valued variant of Linear-time Temporal Logic for runtime verification applications. The semantic descriptions of LTL3 in previous work are given only in terms of the relationship to conventional LTL. Our approach, by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Rayhana Amjad , Rob van Glabbeek , Liam O'Connor

Formalisms based on temporal logics interpreted over finite strict linear orders, known in the literature as finite traces, have been used for temporal specification in automated planning, process modelling, (runtime) verification and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Alessandro Artale , Andrea Mazzullo , Ana Ozaki

In this paper, we study the composition of services so as to obtain runs satisfying a task specification in Linear Temporal Logic on finite traces (LTLf). We study the problem in the case services are nondeterministic and the LTLf…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Giuseppe De Giacomo , Marco Favorito , Luciana Silo

Reactive synthesis from Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) can be reduced to a two-player game over a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) of the LTLf specification. The primary challenge here is DFA construction, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yongkang Li , Shengping Xiao , Shufang Zhu , Jianwen Li , Geguang Pu

In this paper, we study incremental LTLf synthesis -- a form of reactive synthesis where the goals are given incrementally while in execution. In other words, the protagonist agent is already executing a strategy for a certain goal when it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Giuseppe De Giacomo , Yves Lespérance , Gianmarco Parretti , Fabio Patrizi , Moshe Y. Vardi

Temporal logics are powerful tools that are widely used for the synthesis and verification of reactive systems. The recent progress on Large Language Models (LLMs) has the potential to make the process of writing such specifications more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 William Murphy , Nikolaus Holzer , Nathan Koenig , Leyi Cui , Raven Rothkopf , Feitong Qiao , Mark Santolucito

Many safety-critical systems must achieve high-level task specifications with guaranteed safety and correctness. Much recent progress towards this goal has been made through controller synthesis from signal temporal logic (STL)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Rafael Rodrigues da Silva , Hai Lin

We investigate the problem of controller synthesis for hyperproperties specified in the temporal logic HyperLTL. Hyperproperties are system properties that relate multiple execution traces. Hyperproperties can elegantly express…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Borzoo Bonakdarpour , Bernd Finkbeiner

The parameter synthesis problem for parametric timed automata is undecidable in general even for very simple reachability properties. In this paper we introduce restrictions on parameter valuations under which the parameter synthesis…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-07 Peter Bezděk , Nikola Beneš , Jiří Barnat , Ivana Černá

In runtime verification, manually formalizing a specification for monitoring system executions is a tedious and error-prone process. To address this issue, we consider the problem of automatically synthesizing formal specifications from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanael Fijalkow , Daniel Neider , Guillermo A. Perez

We consider an extension of linear-time temporal logic (LTL) with both local and remote data constraints interpreted over a concrete domain. This extension is a natural extension of constraint LTL and the Temporal Logic of Repeating Values,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Ashwin Bhaskar

Temporal Equilibrium Logic (TEL) is a promising framework that extends the knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities of Answer Set Programming with temporal operators in the style of LTL. To our knowledge it is the first…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Laura Bozzelli , David Pearce