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We study the conflict-free connection coloring of trees, which is also the conflict-free coloring of the so-called edge-path hypergraphs of trees. We first prove that for a tree $T$ of order $n$, $cfc(T)\geq cfc(P_n)=\lceil \log_{2}…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-21 Hong Chang , Meng Ji , Xueliang Li , Jingshu Zhang

We study the positions in the Weihrauch lattice of parallel products of various combinatorial principles related to Ramsey's theorem. Among other results, we obtain an answer to a question of Brattka, by showing that Ramsey's theorem for…

We prove that every 2-sphere graph different from a prism can be vertex 4-colored in such a way that all Kempe chains are forests. This implies the following three tree theorem: the arboricity of a discrete 2-sphere is 3. Moreover, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Oliver Knill

Robertson and Seymour proved two fundamental theorems about tangles in graphs: the tree-of-tangles theorem, which says that every graph has a tree-decomposition such that distinguishable tangles live in different nodes of the tree, and the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Sandra Albrechtsen

We consider a dichotomy for analytic families of trees stating that either there is a colouring of the nodes for which all but finitely many levels of every tree are nonhomogeneous, or else the family contains an uncountable antichain. This…

Logic · Mathematics 2008-08-12 James Hirschorn

We prove a general width duality theorem for combinatorial structures with well-defined notions of cohesion and separation. These might be graphs and matroids, but can be much more general or quite different. The theorem asserts a duality…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-19 Reinhard Diestel , Sang-il Oum

Explaining why and how a tree $t$ structurally differs from another tree $t^\star$ is a question that is encountered throughout computer science, including in understanding tree-structured data such as XML or JSON data. In this article, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Daniel Neider , Leif Sabellek , Johannes Schmidt , Fabian Vehlken , Thomas Zeume

Building on early work by Stevo Todorcevic, we describe a theory of stationary subtrees of trees of successor-cardinal height. We define the diagonal union of subsets of a tree, as well as normal ideals on a tree, and we characterize…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-07-22 Ari Meir Brodsky

We give a short proof of Cayley's tree formula for counting the number of different labeled trees on $n$ vertices. The following nonlinear recursive relation for the number of labeled trees on $n$ vertices is deduced from a combinatorial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-22 Alok Bhushan Shukla

A nonrepetitive coloring of a path is a coloring of its vertices such that the sequence of colors along the path does not contain two identical, consecutive blocks. The remarkable construction of Thue asserts that 3 colors are enough to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-07-24 Jakub Kozik , Piotr Micek

The arithmetic of the natural numbers can be extended to arithmetic operations on planar binary trees. This gives rise to a non-commutative arithmetic theory. In this exposition, we describe this arithmetree, first defined by Loday, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-09-26 Adriano Bruno , Dan Yasaki

Ramsey's theorem, in the version of Erd\H{o}s and Szekeres, states that every 2-coloring of the edges of the complete graph on {1, 2,...,n} contains a monochromatic clique of order 1/2\log n. In this paper, we consider two well-studied…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-19 David Conlon , Jacob Fox , Benny Sudakov

We study the $\kappa$-Borel-reducibility of isomorphism relations of complete first order theories by using coloured trees. Under some cardinality assumptions, we show the following: For all theories T and T', if T is classifiable and T' is…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-02-05 Miguel Moreno

We study versions of the tree pigeonhole principle, $\mathsf{TT}^1$, in the context of Weihrauch-style computable analysis. The principle has previously been the subject of extensive research in reverse mathematics. Two outstanding…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-04-18 Damir Dzhafarov , Reed Solomon , Manlio Valenti

In this paper we investigate an extremal problem on binary phylogenetic trees. Given two such trees $T_1$ and $T_2$, both with leaf-set ${1,2,...,n}$, we are interested in the size of the largest subset $S \subseteq {1,2,...,n}$ of leaves…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-02-21 Daniel M. Martin , Bhalchandra D. Thatte

Inspired by the spread of information in social networks and graph-theoretic processes such as Firefighting and graph cleaning, Bonato, Janssen and Roshanbin introduced in 2016 the burning number $b(G)$ of any finite graph $G$. They…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-08 Jiajun Ning , Xian'an Jin , Meiqiao Zhang

A function is diagonally non-computable (d.n.c.) if it diagonalizes against the universal partial computable function. D.n.c. functions play a central role in algorithmic randomness and reverse mathematics. Flood and Towsner asked for which…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-12-03 Ludovic Patey

A perfect forest is a spanning forest of a connected graph $G$, all of whose components are induced subgraphs of $G$ and such that all vertices have odd degree in the forest. A perfect forest generalised a perfect matching since, in a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-12-16 Yair Caro , Josef Lauri , Christina Zarb

Simpson and the second author asked whether there exists a characterization of the natural numbers by a second-order sentence which is provably categorical in the theory RCA$^*_0$. We answer in the negative, showing that for any…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-10-17 Leszek Aleksander Kołodziejczyk , Keita Yokoyama

In this paper, we study the graph polynomial that counts spanning rooted forests f_g of a given graph. This polynomial has a remarkable reciprocity property. We give a new bijective proof for this theorem which has Prufer coding as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-09-15 ShinnYih Huang