Related papers: A definite recursive relation and some statistical…
It is often claimed that Bayesian methods, in particular Bayes factor methods for hypothesis testing, can deal with optional stopping. We first give an overview, using elementary probability theory, of three different mathematical meanings…
We generalize Menon's identity by considering sums representing arithmetical functions of several variables. As an application, we give a formula for the number of cyclic subgroups of the direct product of several cyclic groups of arbitrary…
Let $m$ be a positive integer and let $\rho(m,n)$ be the proportion of permutations of the symmetric group ${\rm Sym}(n)$ whose order is coprime to $m$. In 2002, Pouyanne proved that $\rho(n,m)n^{1-\frac{\phi(m)}{m}}\sim \kappa_m$ where…
A common approach to analyze count time series is to fit models based on random sum operators. As an alternative, this paper introduces time series models based on a random multiplication operator, which is simply the multiplication of a…
Information related measures are useful tools for multi variable data analysis, as measures of dependence among variables, and as descriptions of order in biological and physical systems. Information related measures, like marginal…
The problem is sequence prediction in the following setting. A sequence $x_1,...,x_n,...$ of discrete-valued observations is generated according to some unknown probabilistic law (measure) $\mu$. After observing each outcome, it is required…
The sequence A000975 in OEIS can be defined by $A_1=1$, $A_{n+1}=2A_n$ if $n$ is odd, and $A_{n+1}=2A_n+1$ if $n$ is even. This sequence satisfies other recurrence relations, admits some closed formulas, and is known to enumerate several…
In this paper we derive some identities and inequalities on the M\"obius mu function. Our main tool is phi functions for intervals of positive integers and their unions.
Let $P$ be a locally finite poset with the interval space $\Int(P)$, and $R$ a ring with identity. We shall introduce the M\"{o}bius conjugation $\mu^\ast$ sending each function $f:P\to R$ to an incidence function $\mu^\ast(f):\Int(P)\to R$…
For recursive circular filtering based on circular statistics, we introduce a general framework for estimation of a circular state based on different circular distributions, specifically the wrapped normal distribution and the von Mises…
This chapter provides a overview of Bayesian inference, mostly emphasising that it is a universal method for summarising uncertainty and making estimates and predictions using probability statements conditional on observed data and an…
Clinicians and scientists have traditionally focussed on whether their findings will be replicated and are very familiar with the concept. The probability that a replication study yields an effect with the same sign, or the same statistical…
In this article, we introduce a recurrence formula which only involves two adjacent values of the Riemann zeta function at integer arguments. Based on the formula, an algorithm to evaluate $\zeta$-values(i.e. the values of Riemann zeta…
Primitive recursion, mu-recursion, universal object and universe theories, complexity controlled iteration, code evaluation, soundness, decidability, G\"odel incompleteness theorems, inconsistency provability for set theory, constructive…
It is well known that if a function from set A to set B has a right inverse then the function is a surjection and the right inverse is an injection. For finite sets, the number of functions, injections, and surjections can also be counted.…
Numerical study of the distribution of the Riemann zeros differences following the work [1] shows the significance of the function for which the prime sum expression is proposed. Computational results related to this definition explored…
We offer some comments on series involving the M$\ddot{o}$bius function which approximate sums over primes. To accomplish this, we utilize the derivative of the Gram series by applying Riemann-Stieltjes integration. We offer a new formula…
Let $X$ be the constrained random walk on ${\mathbb Z}_+^2$ taking the steps $(1,0)$, $(-1,1)$ and $(0,-1)$ with probabilities $\lambda < (\mu_1\neq \mu_2)$; in particular, $X$ is assumed stable. Let $\tau_n$ be the first time $X$ hits…
$CMO$ functions are completely multiplicative functions $f$ for which $\sum_{n=1}^\infty f(n)$ $=0$. These functions were first introduced and studied by Kahane and Sa\"{i}as [5]. The main purpose of this paper is to generalise such…
In this paper, we exhibit a new family of martingale couplings between two one-dimensional probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ in the convex order. This family is parametrised by two dimensional probability measures on the unit square with…