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This paper presents a method for predictive aggregation of the available flexibility at the residential unit level into a flexibility chart that represents the admissible active and reactive powers, along with the associated flexibility…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Clément Moureau , Thomas Stegen , Mevludin Glavic , Bertrand Cornélusse

The aggregate demand flexibility of a set of thermostatically controlled residential loads (TCLs) can be represented by a virtual battery (VB) in order to manage their participation in the electricity markets. For this purpose, it is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-10 Alejandro Martín-Crespo , Enrique Baeyens , Sergio Saludes-Rodil , Fernando Frechoso-Escudero

Smart buildings are the need of the day with increasing demand-supply ratios and deficiency to generate considerably. In any modern non-industrial infrastructure, these demands mainly comprise of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs),…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-30 Kshitij Singh , Pratik K. Bajaria

Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. We propose a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-09 Bingqing Chen , Jonathan Francis , Marco Pritoni , Soummya Kar , Mario Bergés

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises the risk that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-28 Andreas Kasis , Ioannis Lestas

Demand response (DR) programs aim to engage distributed demand-side resources in providing ancillary services for electric power systems. Previously, aggregated thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have been demonstrated as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-31 Ali Hassan , Robert Mieth , Deepjyoti Deka , Yury Dvorkin

A significant portion of electricity consumed worldwide is used to power thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters. Because the short-term timing of operation of such systems is…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2018-03-12 Walter Bomela , Anatoly Zlotnik , Jr-Shin Li

The bulk power grid is divided into regional grids interconnected with multiple tie-lines for efficient operation. Since interconnected power grids are operated by different control centers, it is a challenging task to realize coordinated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Siyuan Wang , Cheng Feng , Fengqi You

The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector will introduce a large number of highly flexible electric loads that EV aggregators can pool and control to provide energy and ancillary services to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-17 Feras Al Taha , Tyrone Vincent , Eilyan Bitar

Thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been regarded as a good candidate for maintaining the power system reliability by providing operating reserve. The short-term reliability evaluation of power systems, which is essential for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-02-04 Yi Ding , Wenqi Cui , Shujun Zhang , Hongxun Hui , Yiwei Qiu , Yonghua Song

Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-03 Simon H. Tindemans , Goran Strbac

Considering the potential of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to provide flexibility in demand response or load control, a semi-Markov model (SMM) for the ON/OFF controlled TCL is developed in this paper. This model makes full use…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-03 Benyuan Zhao , Peichao Zhang , Yizhi Cheng

We consider the problem of dispatching a fleet of heterogeneous energy storage units to provide grid support. Under the restriction that recharging is not possible during the time frame of interest, we develop an aggregate measure of fleet…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-08-09 Michael P. Evans , Simon H. Tindemans , David Angeli

Aggregation is crucial to the effective use of flexibility, especially in the case of electric vehicles (EVs) because of their limited individual battery sizes and large aggregate impact. This research proposes a novel method to quantify…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-19 Nanda Kishor Panda , Simon H. Tindemans

We explore methods to use thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as water heaters and air conditioners, to provide ancillary services by assisting in balancing generation and load. We show that by adding simple imbedded instructions…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2013-01-15 N. A. Sinitsyn , Soumya Kundu , S. Backhaus

This paper proposes a federated framework for demand flexibility aggregation to support grid operations. Unlike existing geometric methods that rely on a static, pre-defined base set as the geometric template for aggregation, our framework…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-11 Yifan Dong , Ge Chen , Junjie Qin

Aggregation schemes provide a means to reduce the computational complexity of power system operation by reducing the number of devices that are considered individually. This can be achieved with tools of computational geometry, where the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Maurice Raetsch , Maísa Beraldo Bandeira , Christian Rehtanz , Alexander Engelmann , Timm Faulwasser

We address the problem of characterizing the aggregate flexibility in populations of electric vehicles (EVs) with uncertain charging requirements. Extending upon prior results that provide exact characterizations of aggregate flexibility in…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Karan Mukhi , Chengrui Qu , Pengcheng You , Alessandro Abate

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces significant flexibility potential to power systems. However, uncoordinated or synchronous charging can lead to overloading of distribution networks. Extending recent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Karan Mukhi , Alessandro Abate

With the increasing integration of renewable energy resources and the growing need for data privacy between system operators, flexibility aggregation methods have emerged as a promising solution to coordinate integrated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-06 Yanlin Jiang , Xinliang Dai , Frederik Zahn , Veit Hagenmeyer