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The road colouring theorem characterizes the class of strongly connected directed graphs with constant out-degree that admit a synchronizing road colouring. The subject of this paper is a pair of related conjectures that generalize the road…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-09-15 Theo Morrison

Albertson conjectured that if graph $G$ has chromatic number $r$, then the crossing number of $G$ is at least that of the complete graph $K_r$. This conjecture in the case $r=5$ is equivalent to the four color theorem. It was verified for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-10-12 Michael O. Albertson , Daniel W. Cranston , Jacob Fox

A coloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to its vertices such that adjacent vertices have different colors. Two colorings are equivalent if they induce the same partition of the vertex set into color classes. Let $\mathcal{A}(G)$ be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-11 Alain Hertz , Hadrien Mélot , Sébastien Bonte , Gauvain Devillez , Pierre Hauweele

We study Dohmen--P\"onitz--Tittmann's bivariate chromatic polynomial $c_\Gamma(k,l)$ which counts all $(k+l)$-colorings of a graph $\Gamma$ such that adjacent vertices get different colors if they are $\le k$. Our first contribution is an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-10 Matthias Beck , Mela Hardin

Using the definition of colouring of $2$-edge-coloured graphs derived from $2$-edge-coloured graph homomorphism, we extend the definition of chromatic polynomial to $2$-edge-coloured graphs. We find closed forms for the first three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-28 I. Beaton , D. Cox , C. Duffy , N. Zolkavich

Nordhaus and Gaddum proved, for any graph G, that the chromatic number of G plus the chromatic number of G complement is less than or equal to the number of vertices in G plus 1. Finck characterized the class of graphs that satisfy equality…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-03-27 Karen L. Collins , Ann Trenk

Erd\H{o}s proved that there are graphs with arbitrarily large girth and chromatic number. We study the extension of this for generalized chromatic numbers.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Béla Bollobás , Douglas B. West

The Lov\'asz Local Lemma is a powerful probabilistic technique for proving the existence of combinatorial objects. It is especially useful for colouring graphs and hypergraphs with bounded maximum degree. This paper presents a general…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-04-14 Ian M. Wanless , David R. Wood

The chromatic number, which refers to the minimum number of colours required to colour the vertices of graphs properly, is one of the most central notions of the graph chromatic theory. Several of its aspects of interest have been…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Julien Bensmail , François Dross , Nacim Oijid , Éric Sopena

In this short note we show that every connected $2$-edge coloured cubic graph admits an $10$-colouring. This lowers the best known upper bound for the chromatic number of connected $2$-edge coloured cubic graphs.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Christopher Duffy

In this paper we give a new generalization of token graphs. Given two integers $1\leq m \leq k$ and a graph $G$ we define the generalized token graph of the graph $G$, to be the graph $F_k^m(G)$ whose vertices correspond to configurations…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 C. Amairani Herrera-Ramirez , Teresa I. Hoekstra-Mendoza

The theory of colorful graphs can be developed by working in Galois field modulo (p), p > 2 and a prime number. The paper proposes a program of possible conversion of graph theory into a pleasant colorful appearance. We propose to paint the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Dhananjay P. Mehendale

We discuss the minimal number of vertices in a graph with a large chromatic number such that each ball of a fixed radius in it has a small chromatic number. It is shown that for every graph $G$ on $\sim((n+rc)/(c+rc))^{r+1}$ vertices such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-02-03 Ilya I. Bogdanov

The \textit{Distinguishing Chromatic Number} of a graph $G$, denoted $\chi_D(G)$, was first defined in \cite{collins} as the minimum number of colors needed to properly color $G$ such that no non-trivial automorphism $\phi$ of the graph $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-04-12 Niranjan Balachandran , Sajith Padinhatteeri

The local chromatic number of a graph G is the number of colors appearing in the most colorful closed neighborhood of a vertex minimized over all proper colorings of G. We show that two specific topological obstructions that have the same…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Gábor Simonyi , Gábor Tardos , Siniša T. Vrećica

The quantum chromatic number, $\chi_q(G)$, of a graph $G$ was originally defined as the minimal number of colors necessary in a quantum protocol in which two provers that cannot communicate with each other but share an entangled state can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-10 Pawel Wocjan , Clive Elphick

Given a finite field, one can form a directed graph using the field elements as vertices and connecting two vertices if their difference lies in a fixed subgroup of the multiplicative group. If -1 is contained in this fixed subgroup, then…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2013-06-26 Csaba Schneider , Ana Silva

We use two variational techniques to prove upper bounds for sums of the lowest several eigenvalues of matrices associated with finite, simple, combinatorial graphs. These include estimates for the adjacency matrix of a graph and for both…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2013-08-27 Evans M. Harell , Joachim Stubbe

We obtain improved upper bounds and new lower bounds on the chromatic number as a linear function of the clique number, for the intersection graphs (and their complements) of finite families of translates and homothets of a convex body in…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2010-08-10 Adrian Dumitrescu , Minghui Jiang

Given a graph $G$ and $p \in [0,1]$, let $G_p$ denote the random subgraph of $G$ obtained by keeping each edge independently with probability $p$. Alon, Krivelevich, and Sudokov proved $\mathbb{E} [\chi(G_p)] \geq C_p \frac{\chi(G)}{\log…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-07 Ross Berkowitz , Pat Devlin , Catherine Lee , Henry Reichard , David Townley
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