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We study the asymptotics and fine-scale behavior of quantitative combinatorial measures of infinite words and related dynamical and algebraic structures. We construct infinite recurrent words $w$ whose complexity functions $p_w(n)$ are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Be'eri Greenfeld , Carlos Gustavo Moreira , Efim Zelmanov

This paper aims to better understand the link better understand the links between aperiodicity in subshifts and pattern complexity. Our main contribution deals with substitutive subshifts, an equivalent to substitutive tilings in the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Etienne Moutot , Coline Petit-Jean

Given a finite alphabet $\Sigma$ and a right-infinite word $\bf w$ over $\Sigma$, we define the Lie complexity function $L_{\bf w}:\mathbb{N}\to \mathbb{N}$, whose value at $n$ is the number of conjugacy classes (under cyclic shift) of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Jason P. Bell , Jeffrey Shallit

Most slowly synchronizing automata over binary alphabets are circular, i.e., containing a letter permuting the states in a single cycle, and their set of synchronizing words has maximal state complexity, which also implies complete…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Stefan Hoffmann

We characterize the complexity functions of subshifts up to asymptotic equivalence. The complexity function of every aperiodic function is non-decreasing, submultiplicative and grows at least linearly. We prove that conversely, every…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Be'eri Greenfeld , Carlos Gustavo Moreira , Efim Zelmanov

In this article, we prove that for a completely multiplicative function $f$ from $\mathbb{N}^*$ to a field $K$ such that the set $$\{p \;|\; f(p)\neq 1_K \;\mbox{and }p \mbox{ is prime}\}$$ is finite, the asymptotic subword complexity of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-01 Yining Hu

The linear complexity of a sequence $s$ is one of the measures of its predictability. It represents the smallest degree of a linear recursion which the sequence satisfies. There are several algorithms to find the linear complexity of a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Yeow Meng Chee , Johan Chrisnata , Tuvi Etzion , Han Mao Kiah

We study extremal and algorithmic questions of subset and careful synchronization in monotonic automata. We show that several synchronization problems that are hard in general automata can be solved in polynomial time in monotonic automata,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-27 Andrew Ryzhikov , Anton Shemyakov

Nested (or meta-Fibonacci) recurrences, such as the recurrence used to define Hofstadter's Q-sequence, along with the digit-based recurrences that underlie automatic sequences are of interest from both number-theoretic and combinatorial…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-29 John M. Campbell , Benoit Cloitre

We identify a binary sequence $\mathcal{S}=(s_n)_{n=0}^\infty$ with the $2$-adic integer $G_\mathcal{S}(2)=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty s_n2^n$. In the case that $G_\mathcal{S}(2)$ is algebraic over $\mathbb{Q}$ of degree $d\ge 2$, we prove…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-15 Zhixiong Chen , Arne Winterhof

In this paper, the construction of finite-length binary sequences whose nonlinear complexity is not less than half of the length is investigated. By characterizing the structure of the sequences, an algorithm is proposed to generate all…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Sicheng Liang , Xiangyong Zeng , Zibi Xiao , Zhimin Sun

The theory of asymptotic complexity provides an approach to characterizing the behavior of programs in terms of bounds on the number of computational steps executed or use of computational resources. We describe work using ACL2 to prove…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-05-25 William D. Young

In this article we prove that all completely multiplicative automatic sequences $(a_n)_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ defined on $\mathbf{C}$, vanishing or not, can be written in the form $a_n=b_n\chi_n$ where $(b_n)_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ is an almost…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-28 Shuo Li

The subword complexity of a word $w$ over a finite alphabet $\mathcal{A}$ is a function that assigns for each positive integer $n$, the number of distinct subwords of length $n$ in $w$. The subword complexity of a word is a good measure of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-16 Hannah Vogel

We study the satisfiability of string constraints where context-free membership constraints may be imposed on variables. Additionally a variable may be constrained to be a subword of a word obtained by shuffling variables and their…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-17 C Aiswarya , Soumodev Mal , Prakash Saivasan

The complexity of a particular term-rewrite system is considered: the rule of associativity (x*y)*z --> x*(y*z). Algorithms and exact calculations are given for the longest and shortest sequences of applications of --> that result in normal…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Michael Niv

We present an infinite series of $n$-state Eulerian automata whose reset words have length at least $(n^2-3)/2$. This improves the current lower bound on the length of shortest reset words in Eulerian automata. We conjecture that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-04 Marek Szykuła , Vojtěch Vorel

In this paper we study the maximal pattern complexity of infinite words up to Abelian equivalence. We compute a lower bound for the Abelian maximal pattern complexity of infinite words which are both recurrent and aperiodic by projection.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Teturo Kamae , Steven Widmer , Luca Q. Zamboni

We study the notion of an asymptotically automatic sequence, which generalises the notion of an automatic sequence. While $k$-automatic sequences are characterised by finiteness of $k$-kernels, the $k$-kernels of asymptotically…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-12 Jakub Konieczny

To each one-dimensional subshift $X$, we may associate a winning shift $W(X)$ which arises from a combinatorial game played on the language of $X$. Previously it has been studied what properties of $X$ does $W(X)$ inherit. For example, $X$…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Jarkko Peltomäki , Ville Salo