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Shallit and Wang showed that the automatic complexity $A(x)$ satisfies $A(x)\ge n/13$ for almost all $x\in{\{\mathtt{0},\mathtt{1}\}}^n$. They also stated that Holger Petersen had informed them that the constant 13 can be reduced to 7. Here…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

Generalizing the notion of automatic complexity of individual strings due to Shallit and Wang, we define the automatic complexity $A(E)$ of an equivalence relation $E$ on a finite set $S$ of strings. We prove that the problem of determining…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

The subword complexity of a finite word $w$ of length $N$ is a function which associates to each $n\le N$ the number of all distinct subwords of $w$ having the length $n$. We define the \emph{maximal complexity} C(w) as the maximum of the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2010-02-16 M-C. Anisiu , Z. Blazsik , Z. Kasa

The automatic complexity of a finite word (string) is an analogue for finite automata of Sipser's distinguishing complexity (1983) and was introduced by Shallit and Wang (2001). For a finite alphabet $\Sigma$ of at least two elements, we…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Joey Chen , Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen , Ivan Koswara , Linus Richter , Frank Stephan

We fully classify automatic sequences $a$ over a finite alphabet $\Omega$ with the property that each word over $\Omega$ appears is $a$ along an arithmetic progression. Using the terminology introduced by Avgustinovich, Fon-Der-Flaass and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-08 Jakub Konieczny , Clemens Müllner

Shallit and Wang studied deterministic automatic complexity of words. They showed that the automatic Hausdorff dimension $I(\mathbf t)$ of the infinite Thue word satisfies $1/3\le I(\mathbf t)\le 2/3$. We improve that result by showing that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Kayleigh Hyde , Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

This paper examines Automatic Complexity, a complexity notion introduced by Shallit and Wang in 2001. We demonstrate that there exists a normal sequence $T$ such that $I(T) = 0$ and $S(T) \leq 1/2$, where $I(T)$ and $S(T)$ are the lower and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Liam Jordon , Philippe Moser

For a complexity function $C$, the lower and upper $C$-complexity rates of an infinite word $\mathbf{x}$ are \[ \underline{C}(\mathbf x)=\liminf_{n\to\infty} \frac{C(\mathbf{x}\upharpoonright n)}n,\quad \overline{C}(\mathbf…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen

The $N$th linear complexity of a sequence is a measure of predictability. Any unpredictable sequence must have large $N$th linear complexity. However, in this paper we show that for $q$-automatic sequences over $\mathbb{F}_q$ the converse…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-11-30 László Mérai , Arne Winterhof

The automaticity $A(x)$ of a set $\mathcal{X}$ is the size of the smallest automaton that recognizes $\mathcal{X}$ on all words of length $\leq x$. We show that the automaticity of the set of primes is at least $x\exp\left(-c(\log\log…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-09 Thomas Dubbe

We study structure of pure morphic and morphic sequences and prove the following result: the subword complexity of arbitrary morphic sequence is either $\Theta(n^{1+1/k})$ for some $k\in\mathbb N$, or is $O(n \log n)$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-02-23 Rostislav Devyatov

The $2$-adic complexity has been well-analyzed in the periodic case. However, we are not aware of any theoretical results on the $N$th $2$-adic complexity of any promising candidate for a pseudorandom sequence of finite length $N$ or…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Zhiru Chen , Zhixiong Chen , Jakob Obrovsky , Arne Winterhof

For fast computation of the Arnold complexity of length $2^{n}$ binary words we obtain an upper bound for the Shannon function $Sh(n)$

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-09-24 Yuri V. Merekin

Nonlinear complexity, as an important measure for assessing the randomness of sequences, is defined as the length of the shortest feedback shift registers that can generate a given sequence. In this paper, the structure of n-periodic binary…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Qin Yuan , Chunlei Li , Xiangyong Zeng

We show that the digraph of a nondeterministic finite automaton witnessing the automatic complexity of a word can always be taken to be planar. In the case of total transition functions studied by Shallit and Wang, planarity can fail. Let…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Achilles A. Beros , Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen , Daylan Kaui Yogi

The authors prove that the probability of choosing a nonlinear filter of m-sequences with optimal properties, that is, maximum period and maximum linear complexity, tends assymptotically to 1 as the linear feedback shift register length…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-05-14 Amparo Fúster-Sabater , L. J. García-Villalba

We show that the subword complexity function p_x(n), which counts the number of distinct factors of length n of a sequence x, is k-synchronized in the sense of Carpi if x is k-automatic. As an application, we generalize recent results of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-09-18 Daniel Goc , Luke Schaeffer , Jeffrey Shallit

In a recent paper, Jason P. Bell and Jeffrey Shallit introduced the notion of {\em Lie complexity} and proved that the Lie complexity function of an automatic sequence is automatic. In this note, we give more facts concerning Lie complexity…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-14 Shuo Li

We introduce a new measure on regular languages: their nondeterministic syntactic complexity. It is the least degree of any extension of the `canonical boolean representation' of the syntactic monoid. Equivalently, it is the least number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Robert Myers , Stefan Milius , Henning Urbat

An $m$-sequence is the one of the largest period among those produced by a linear feedback shift register. It possesses several desirable features of pseudorandomness such as balance, uniform pattern distribution and ideal autocorrelation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Zhixiong Chen , Zhihua Niu , Yuqi Sang , Chenhuang Wu
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