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In this work, we complete our CT18qed study with the neutron's photon parton distribution function (PDF), which is essential for the nucleus scattering phenomenology. Two methods, CT18lux and CT18qed, based on the LUXqed formalism and the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-04-01 Keping Xie , Bei Zhou , T. J. Hobbs

This paper presents an analysis at next-to-next-to-leading order in the theory of quantum chromodynamics for the determination of a new set of proton parton distribution functions using diverse measurements in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2022-05-27 ATLAS Collaboration

We have studied the production of single isolated prompt photons in high energy proton-proton collisions at the RHIC ($\sqrt{s}$= 200 GeV) and the LHC ($\sqrt{s}$= 7 TeV) energies within the frame work of perturbative QCD upto next-to…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-08-02 Somnath De

Interactions of virtual photons are analyzed in terms of photon structure. It is argued that the concept of parton distribution functions is phenomenologically very useful even for highly virtual photons involved in hard collisions. This…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 Jiri Chyla , Marek Tasevsky

We study the impact of differential isolated-photon+jet cross sections measured in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt{s} = 7 TeV on the parton distribution functions (PDF) of the proton. Next-to-leading order…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-12 L. Carminati , G. Costa , D. d'Enterria , I. Koletsou , G. Marchiori , J. Rojo , M. Stockton , F. Tartarelli

Although protons are baryons with an overall vanishing lepton number, they possess a non-trivial leptonic content arising from quantum fluctuations which can be described by lepton parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton. These…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-01-27 Leandro Da Rold , Anibal D. Medina , Subhojit Roy , Carlos E. M. Wagner

We present the MMHT2015qed PDF set, resulting from the inclusion of QED corrections to the existing set of MMHT Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), and which contain the photon PDF of the proton. Adopting an input distribution from the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-05-10 L. A. Harland-Lang , A. D. Martin , R. Nathvani , R. S. Thorne

Deep inelastic scattering of $e^{\pm}$ off protons is sensitive to contributions from "dark photon" exchange. Using HERA data fit to HERA's parton distribution functions, we obtain the model-independent bound $\epsilon \lesssim 0.02$ on the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-01-13 Graham D. Kribs , David McKeen , Nirmal Raj

A theoretical possibility to determine the proton Compton scattering cross section from the reaction $ep\rightarrow ep\gamma$ is studied in the kinematics with a small transversal momentum transfer in the electron leg. With the exception of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-10-21 A. I. Lvov , V. A. Petrunkin , S. G. Popov , B. B. Wojtsekhowski

Parton distribution function (PDF) at small $x$ in a fast-moving proton is investigated within an upgraded parton model that includes parton splitting with branching cascades and parton fusion. In the region of moderately small $x$, we…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-27 M. L. Nekrasov

In the framework of the QCD parton model, we study unpolarized scattering of high energy real photons from a proton target into lepton pairs and a system of hadrons. For a given parametrization of parton distributions in the proton, we…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-08-23 Ales Psaker

Since its start of data taking, the LHC has provided an impressive wealth of information on the quark and gluon structure of the proton. Indeed, modern global analyses of parton distribution functions (PDFs) include a wide range of LHC…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-12-05 Rabah Abdul Khalek , Shaun Bailey , Jun Gao , Lucian Harland-Lang , Juan Rojo

We extract new parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton by global analysis of hard scattering data in the general-mass framework of perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Our analysis includes new theoretical developments together…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-10-27 Hung-Liang Lai , Marco Guzzi , Joey Huston , Zhao Li , Pavel M. Nadolsky , Jon Pumplin , C. -P. Yuan

We present a detailed analysis of the proton electromagnetic form factors (FFs) using exclusive photon leptoproduction (EP) data in kinematic regions where the Beth-Heitler (BH) contribution dominates the deeply virtual Compton scattering…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-23 The MMGPDs Collaboration , Anoushiravan Moradi , Muhammad Goharipour , H. Fatehi , K. Azizi

The photon is arguably the most universally important particle across all fields of physics. Despite its status as a fundamental particle, at high energies the photon can be seen as a hadronic source of partons. The partonic content of the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-12-24 Henry T. Klest

Electroweak corrections to hadron collider processes become relevant at the level of precision reached by present-day LHC experiments. We provide a preliminary discussion of the impact of electroweak corrections to parton distributions,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-11-12 Stefano Carrazza

The spatial distribution of partons in the proton can be probed in suitable exclusive scattering processes. I report on recent performance estimates for parton imaging at a proposed Electron-Ion Collider.

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2012-09-21 Markus Diehl

Parton distribution functions (PDFs) describe the structure of hadrons as composed of quarks and gluons. They are needed to make predictions for short-distance processes in high-energy collisions and are determined by fitting to cross…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-11-11 Karol Kovarik , Pavel M. Nadolsky , Davison E. Soper

We quantify the impact of unpolarized lepton-proton and lepton-nucleus inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) cross section measurements from the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) on the proton and nuclear parton distribution functions…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-05-19 Rabah Abdul Khalek , Jacob J. Ethier , Emanuele R. Nocera , Juan Rojo

We present a fully analytic computation of the complete electron and photon structure functions, or QED lepton parton distribution functions (PDFs) up to two-loop order. Our computation is performed using modern techniques of reduction to…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-09-23 Marvin Schnubel , Robert Szafron