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Statistical relational AI (StarAI) aims at reasoning and learning in noisy domains described in terms of objects and relationships by combining probability with first-order logic. With huge advances in deep learning in the current years,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-11 Seyed Mehran Kazemi , David Poole

This is part III of three-part work. In parts I and II, we have presented eight variants for simplified Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs). It is noted that fast computation, specially in constrained computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Atra Akandeh , Fathi M. Salem

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been applied to a broad range of applications, including natural language processing, drug discovery, and video recognition. Their vulnerability to input perturbation is also known. Aligning with a view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Wei Huang , Youcheng Sun , Xingyu Zhao , James Sharp , Wenjie Ruan , Jie Meng , Xiaowei Huang

Neural language models (LMs) based on recurrent neural networks (RNN) are some of the most successful word and character-level LMs. Why do they work so well, in particular better than linear neural LMs? Possible explanations are that RNNs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-06-21 Marius Pachitariu , Maneesh Sahani

Loss functions play a key role in training superior deep neural networks. In convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the popular cross entropy loss together with softmax does not explicitly guarantee minimization of intra-class variance or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-26 XiaoBin Li , WeiQiang Wang

In this era of artificial intelligence, deep neural networks like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have emerged as front-runners, often surpassing human capabilities. These deep networks are often perceived as the panacea for all…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Neeraj Kumar Singh , Nikhil R. Pal

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), especially long short-term memory (LSTM) RNNs, are effective network for sequential task like speech recognition. Deeper LSTM models perform well on large vocabulary continuous speech recognition, because…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-22 Xu Tian , Jun Zhang , Zejun Ma , Yi He , Juan Wei , Peihao Wu , Wenchang Situ , Shuai Li , Yang Zhang

This is a tutorial paper on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), and their variants. We start with a dynamical system and backpropagation through time for RNN. Then, we discuss the problems of gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi

State-of-the-art solutions in the areas of "Language Modelling & Generating Text", "Speech Recognition", "Generating Image Descriptions" or "Video Tagging" have been using Recurrent Neural Networks as the foundation for their approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Robin M. Schmidt

An exhaustive study on neural network language modeling (NNLM) is performed in this paper. Different architectures of basic neural network language models are described and examined. A number of different improvements over basic neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-25 Dengliang Shi

We investigate the effect of the dimensionality of the representations learned in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) on their robustness to input perturbations, both adversarial and random. To achieve low dimensionality of learned representations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Amartya Sanyal , Varun Kanade , Philip H. S. Torr , Puneet K. Dokania

We study neural networks with trainable low-degree rational activation functions and show that they are more expressive and parameter-efficient than modern piecewise-linear and smooth activations such as ELU, LeakyReLU, LogSigmoid, PReLU,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maosen Tang , Alex Townsend

Encouraged by the success of deep learning in a variety of domains, we investigate the suitability and effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) in a domain where deep learning has not yet been used; namely detecting confusion from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Shane D. Sims , Vanessa Putnam , Cristina Conati

Transformer architectures have achieved remarkable success in various domains. While efficient alternatives to Softmax Attention have been widely studied, the search for more expressive mechanisms grounded in theoretical insight-even at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yifei Zuo , Yutong Yin , Zhichen Zeng , Ang Li , Banghua Zhu , Zhaoran Wang

Recurrent neural networks are a widely used class of neural architectures. They have, however, two shortcomings. First, they are often treated as black-box models and as such it is difficult to understand what exactly they learn as well as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Cheng Wang , Carolin Lawrence , Mathias Niepert

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with logistic and softmax losses have made significant advancement in visual recognition tasks in computer vision. When training data exhibit class imbalances, the class-wise reweighted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Xiangrui Li , Xin Li , Deng Pan , Dongxiao Zhu

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are widely used to model sequential data but their non-linear dependencies between sequence elements prevent parallelizing training over sequence length. We show the training of RNNs with only linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-23 Eric Martin , Chris Cundy

Transformers have surpassed RNNs in popularity due to their superior abilities in parallel training and long-term dependency modeling. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in using linear RNNs for efficient sequence modeling. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhen Qin , Songlin Yang , Yiran Zhong

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are theoretically Turing-complete and established themselves as a dominant model for language processing. Yet, there still remains an uncertainty regarding their language learning capabilities. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Mirac Suzgun , Yonatan Belinkov , Stuart M. Shieber

Physical Neural Networks (PNN) are promising platforms for next-generation computing systems. However, recent advances in digital neural network performance are largely driven by the rapid growth in the number of trainable parameters and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Kohei Tsuchiyama , Andre Roehm , Takatomo Mihana , Ryoichi Horisaki