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Related papers: Modeling of Item-Difficulty for Ontology-based MCQ…

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The study proposes a framework of ONTOlogy-based Group Decision Support System (ONTOGDSS) for decision process which exhibits the complex structure of decision-problem and decision-group. It is capable of reducing the complexity of problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-18 Junyi Chai , James N. K. Liu

Multiple-choice (MC) tests are an efficient method to assess English learners. It is useful for test creators to rank candidate MC questions by difficulty during exam curation. Typically, the difficulty is determined by having human test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Vatsal Raina , Mark Gales

Prior work has demonstrated that question classification (QC), recognizing the problem domain of a question, can help answer it more accurately. However, developing strong QC algorithms has been hindered by the limited size and complexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Dongfang Xu , Peter Jansen , Jaycie Martin , Zhengnan Xie , Vikas Yadav , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Oyvind Tafjord , Peter Clark

Prediction of item difficulty based on its text content is of substantial interest. In this paper, we focus on the related problem of recovering IRT-based difficulty when the data originally reported item p-value (percent correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Radhika Kapoor , Sang T. Truong , Nick Haber , Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo , Benjamin W. Domingue

Competency Questions (CQs) are widely used in ontology development by guiding, among others, the scoping and validation stages. However, very limited guidance exists for formulating CQs and assessing whether they are good CQs, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-19 C. Maria Keet , Zubeida Casmod Khan

Learning algorithms produce software models for realising critical classification tasks. Decision trees models are simpler than other models such as neural network and they are used in various critical domains such as the medical and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Tianqi Xiao , Omer Nguena Timo , Florent Avellaneda , Yasir Malik , Stefan Bruda

Education that suits the individual learning level is necessary to improve students' understanding. The first step in achieving this purpose by using large language models (LLMs) is to adjust the textual difficulty of the response to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Seiji Gobara , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of AI-powered tutoring systems that provide interactive support via dialogue. To enable these tutoring systems to provide personalized support, it is essential to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shuyan Huang , Alexander Scarlatos , Jaewook Lee , Andrew Lan

There is a growing concern about typically opaque decision-making with high-performance machine learning algorithms. Providing an explanation of the reasoning process in domain-specific terms can be crucial for adoption in risk-sensitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Aditya Chattopadhyay , Stewart Slocum , Benjamin D. Haeffele , Rene Vidal , Donald Geman

Generating high-quality MCQs, especially those targeting diverse cognitive levels and incorporating common misconceptions into distractor design, is time-consuming and expertise-intensive, making manual creation impractical at scale.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Nicy Scaria , Silvester John Joseph Kennedy , Diksha Seth , Ananya Thakur , Deepak Subramani

Estimating question difficulty is a critical component in evaluating and improving large language models (LLMs) for question answering (QA). Existing approaches often rely on readability formulas, retrieval-based signals, or popularity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jamshid Mozafari , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

This paper addresses the problem of classifying web documents using domain ontology. Our goal is to provide a method for improving the classification of medical documents by exploiting the MeSH thesaurus (Medical Subject Headings) which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Zakaria Elberrichi , Belaggoun Amel , Taibi Malika

Reasoning quality in large language models depends not only on producing correct answers but also on generating valid intermediate steps. We study this through multiple-choice question answering (MCQA), which provides a controlled setting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Raphael Schumann , Stefan Riezler

We present a framework for evaluating adaptive personalization of educational reading materials with theory-grounded simulated learners. The system builds a learning-objective and knowledge-component ontology from open textbooks, curates it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ryan T. Woo , Anmol Rao , Aryan Keluskar , Yinong Chen

Ontologies are a popular way of representing domain knowledge, in particular, knowledge in domains related to life sciences. (Semi-)automating the process of building an ontology has attracted researchers from different communities into a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Ana Ozaki

The automatic generation of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) has the potential to reduce the time educators spend on student assessment significantly. However, existing evaluation metrics for MCQ generation, such as BLEU, ROUGE, and METEOR,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Hyeongdon Moon , Yoonseok Yang , Jamin Shin , Hangyeol Yu , Seunghyun Lee , Myeongho Jeong , Juneyoung Park , Minsam Kim , Seungtaek Choi

This paper studies the differences and similarities between domain ontologies and conceptual data models and the role that ontologies can play in establishing conceptual data models during the process of information systems development. A…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Haya El-Ghalayini , Mohammed Odeh , Richard McClatchey

Automatic multiple-choice question generation (MCQG) is a useful yet challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is the task of automatic generation of correct and relevant questions from textual data. Despite its usefulness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Chidinma A. Nwafor , Ikechukwu E. Onyenwe

This works considers challenges of building and usage a formal knowledge base (model), which unites the ATT&CK, CAPEC, CWE, CVE security enumerations. The proposed model can be used to learn relations between attack techniques, attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Andrei Brazhuk