English
Related papers

Related papers: Modeling of Item-Difficulty for Ontology-based MCQ…

200 papers

Competency Questions (CQs) are a cornerstone of requirement elicitation in ontology engineering. CQs represent requirements as a set of natural language questions that an ontology should satisfy; they are traditionally modelled by ontology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Reham Alharbi , Valentina Tamma , Terry R. Payne , Jacopo de Berardinis

Candidate axiom scoring is the task of assessing the acceptability of a candidate axiom against the evidence provided by known facts or data. The ability to score candidate axioms reliably is required for automated schema or ontology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Ali Ballout , Andrea G B Tettamanzi , Célia da Costa Pereira

This project investigates the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to determine the difficulty of data visualization literacy test items. We explore whether features derived from item text (question and answer options), the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Samin Khan

Online learning platforms provide learning materials and answers to students' academic questions by experts, peers, or systems. This paper explores question-type identification as a step in content understanding for an online learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Azam Rabiee , Alok Goel , Johnson D'Souza , Saurabh Khanwalkar

This paper systematically compares different methods of deriving item-level predictions of language models for multiple-choice tasks. It compares scoring methods for answer options based on free generation of responses, various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Polina Tsvilodub , Hening Wang , Sharon Grosch , Michael Franke

The effectiveness of Multimodal Chain-of-Thought (MCoT) prompting is often limited by the use of randomly or manually selected examples. These examples fail to account for both model-specific knowledge distributions and the intrinsic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xinglong Yang , Quan Feng , Zhongying Pan , Xiang Chen , Yu Tian , Wentong Li , Shuofei Qiao , Yuxia Geng , Xingyu Zhao , Sheng-Jun Huang

Current Educational system uses grades or marks to assess the performance of the student. The marks or grades a students scores depends on different parameters, the main parameter being the difficulty level of a course. Computation of this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Premalatha M , Suganya G , Viswanathan V , G Jignesh Chowdary

Multiple-choice questions (MCQ) are frequently used to assess large language models (LLMs). Typically, an LLM is given a question and selects the answer deemed most probable after adjustments for factors like length. Unfortunately, LLMs may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Aidar Myrzakhan , Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Zhiqiang Shen

The electronic marketplace offers great potential for the recommendation of supplies. In the so called recommender systems, it is crucial to apply matchmaking strategies that faithfully satisfy the predicates specified in the demand, and…

Databases · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Angela Bonifati , Giansalvatore Mecca , Domenica Sileo , Gianvito Summa

We describe two types of models for vocabulary difficulty prediction: a high-accuracy black-box model, which achieved the top shared task result in the open track, and an explainable model, which outperforms a fine-tuned encoder baseline.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Adam Nohejl , Xuanxin Wu , Yusuke Ide , Maria Angelica Riera Machin , Yi-Ning Chang , Hitomi Yanaka

Question difficulty estimation remains a multifaceted challenge in educational and assessment settings. Traditional approaches often focus on surface-level linguistic features or learner comprehension levels, neglecting the intricate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Sujay R , Suki Perumal , Yash Nagraj , Anushka Ghei , Srinivas K S

In spite of the high accuracy of the existing optical mark reading (OMR) systems and devices, a few restrictions remain existent. In this work, we aim to reduce the restrictions of multiple choice questions (MCQ) within tests. We use an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Mahmoud Afifi , Khaled F. Hussain

The current learning systems typically lack the level of metacognitive awareness, self-directed learning, and time management skills. Most of the ontologically based learning management systems are in the proposed phase and those which are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Monika Rani , Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava , O. P. Vyas

Educational assessment relies heavily on knowing question difficulty, traditionally determined through resource-intensive pre-testing with students. This creates significant barriers for both classroom teachers and assessment developers. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Matias Hoyl

Item difficulty plays a crucial role in adaptive testing. However, few works have focused on generating questions of varying difficulty levels, especially for multiple-choice (MC) cloze tests. We propose training pre-trained language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jingshen Zhang , Jiajun Xie , Xinying Qiu

Recent surge of interests in cognitive assessment has led to the developments of novel statistical models for diagnostic classification. Central to many such models is the well-known Q-matrix, which specifies the item-attribute…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-06-06 Jingchen Liu , Gongjun Xu , Zhiliang Ying

The ontology engineering process is complex, time-consuming, and error-prone, even for experienced ontology engineers. In this work, we investigate the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) to provide effective OWL ontology drafts…

Modeling an ontology is a hard and time-consuming task. Although methodologies are useful for ontologists to create good ontologies, they do not help with the task of evaluating the quality of the ontology to be reused. For these reasons,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Judson Bandeira , Ig Ibert Bittencourt , Patricia Espinheira , Seiji Isotani

Curriculum learning strategies in prior multi-task learning approaches arrange datasets in a difficulty hierarchy either based on human perception or by exhaustively searching the optimal arrangement. However, human perception of difficulty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Neeraj Varshney , Swaroop Mishra , Chitta Baral

Estimating the difficulty of multiple-choice questions would be great help for educators who must spend substantial time creating and piloting stimuli for their tests, and for learners who want to practice. Supervised approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Leonidas Zotos , Hedderik van Rijn , Malvina Nissim