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Given a pair of isolated devices that accept random binary inputs and return binary outputs, a user can deduce from the observed data alone if the underlying mechanism can be explained classically. Bell's theorem further states that a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Kuntal Sengupta , Lewis Wooltorton

We introduce Bell inequalities based on covariance, one of the most common measures of correlation. Explicit examples are discussed, and violations in quantum theory are demonstrated. A crucial feature of these covariance Bell inequalities…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-27 Victor Pozsgay , Flavien Hirsch , Cyril Branciard , Nicolas Brunner

It is one of the most remarkable features of quantum physics that measurements on spatially separated systems cannot always be described by a locally causal theory. In such a theory, the outcomes of local measurements are determined in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Yeong-Cherng Liang

This short article concentrates on the conceptual aspects of the violation of Bell inequalities, and acts as a map to the 265 cited references. The article outlines (a) relevant characteristics of quantum mechanics, such as statistical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-29 Brian Drummond

So far, various Bell type inequalities have been introduced to test the local realism in tripartite systems. In this article we consider a tripartite system with two measurements in each side and two outputs for each measurement. Then we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-28 Fatemeh Shirdel , Hossein Movahhedian

Bell inequality violation is the phenomenon where multiple non-communicating parties can exhibit correlations using quantum resources that are impossible if they can only use classical resources. One way to enforce non-communication is to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Dawei Ding , Zhengfeng Ji , Pierre Pocreau , Mingze Xu , Xinyu Xu

In a Bell test, the set of observed probability distributions complying with the principle of local realism is fully characterized by Bell inequalities. Quantum theory allows for a violation of these inequalities, which is famously regarded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Mariami Gachechiladze , Bartłomiej Bąk , Marcin Pawłowski , Nikolai Miklin

Violations of Bell inequalities in classical optics have been demonstrated in terms of field mean intensities and correlations, however, the quantum meaning of violations point to statistics and probabilities. We present a violation of Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Laura Ares , Alfredo Luis

Over the past few decades, experimental tests of Bell-type inequalities have been at the forefront of understanding quantum mechanics and its implications. These strong bounds on specific measurements on a physical system originate from…

For a system composed of two particles Bell's theorem asserts that averages of physical quantities determined from local variables must conform to a family of inequalities. In this work we show that a classical model containing a local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-22 A. Matzkin

We explore the challenges posed by the violation of Bell-like inequalities by $d$-dimensional systems exposed to imperfect state-preparation and measurement settings. We address, in particular, the limit of high-dimensional systems,…

From the beginning of quantum mechanics, there has been a discussion about the concept of reality, as exemplified by the EPR paradox. To many, the idea of the paradox and the possibility of local hidden variables was dismissed by the Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-15 David K. Ferry , Laszlo B. Kish

The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces one to abandon a local realistic worldview, namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined prior to and independent of measurement and…

The problem of characterizing classical and quantum correlations in networks is considered. Contrary to the usual Bell scenario, where distant observers share a physical system emitted by one common source, a network features several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-21 Armin Tavakoli , Marc-Olivier Renou , Nicolas Gisin , Nicolas Brunner

The correlations in quantum networks have attracted strong interest with new types of violations of the locality. The standard Bell inequalities cannot characterize the multipartite correlations that are generated by multiple sources. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-19 Ming-Xing Luo

Bell inequalities are intended to show that local realist theories cannot describe the world. A local realist theory is one where physical properties are defined prior to and independent of measurement, and no physical influence can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-01 Jan-Åke Larsson

Quantum Correlations are studied extensively in quantum information domain. Entanglement Measures and Quantum Discord are good examples of these actively studied correlations. Detection of violation in Bell inequalities is also a widely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-15 Volkan Erol

Bell inequalities are a consequence of measurement incompatibility (not, as generally thought, of nonlocality). In classical terms, this is equivalent to contextuality -- measurement devices do have a significant effect. Contextual models…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter Morgan

A common experimental strategy for demonstrating non-classical correlations is to show violation of a Bell inequality by measuring a continuously emitted stream of entangled photon pairs. The measurements involve the detection of photons by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-11 Emanuel Knill , Scott Glancy , Sae Woo Nam , Kevin Coakley , Yanbao Zhang

It is not generally known, that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of plus and minus 1s that are writable on paper.This surprising fact is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-10 Louis Sica