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We generalize the Five Color Theorem by showing that it extends to graphs with two crossings. Furthermore, we show that if a graph has three crossings, but does not contain K_6 as a subgraph, then it is also 5-colorable. We also consider…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Bogdan Oporowski , David Zhao

A clique-coloring of a given graph $G$ is a coloring of the vertices of $G$ such that no maximal clique of size at least two is monocolored. The clique-chromatic number of $G$ is the least number of colors for which $G$ admits a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Behnaz Omoomi , Maryam Taleb

A packing $(1^{\ell}, 2^k)$-coloring of a graph $G$ is a partition of $V(G)$ into $\ell$ independent sets and $k$ $2$-packings (whose pairwise vertex distance is at least $3$). The square coloring of planar graphs was first studied by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-26 Xujun Liu , Yan Wang

A (finite, undirected) graph is $(n,k)$-colourable if we can assign each vertex a $k$-subset of $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ so that adjacent vertices receive disjoint subsets. We consider the following problem: if a graph is $(n,k)$-colourable, then…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-10 Jan van den Heuvel , Xinyi Xu

A normal $k$-edge-coloring of a cubic graph is an edge-coloring with $k$ colors having the additional property that when looking at the set of colors assigned to any edge $e$ and the four edges adjacent it, we have either exactly five…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo , Vahan Mkrtchyan

An \emph{equitable coloring} of a graph is a proper vertex coloring such that the sizes of every two color classes differ by at most 1. Chen, Lih, and Wu conjectured that every connected graph $G$ with maximum degree $\Delta \geq 2$ has an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-03-05 Keaitsuda Nakprasit , Kittikorn Nakprasit

An $\alpha,\beta$-Kempe swap in a properly colored graph interchanges the colors on some component of the subgraph induced by colors $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Two $k$-colorings of a graph are $k$-Kempe equivalent if we can form one from the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-06 Daniel W. Cranston , Reem Mahmoud

In 1964 Vizing proved that starting from any k-edge-coloring of a graph G one can reach, using only Kempe swaps, a ($\Delta$ + 1)-edge-coloring of G where $\Delta$ is the maximum degree of G. One year later he conjectured that one can also…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-28 Jonathan Narboni

It is proved that every connected graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with $\chi(G) \geq 4$ has at most $k(k-1)^{n-3}(k-2)(k-3)$ $k$-colourings for every $k \geq 4$. Equality holds for some (and then for every) $k$ if and only if the graph is formed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-08 Fiachra Knox , Bojan Mohar

Call a colouring of a graph \emph{distinguishing} if the only automorphism of this graph which preserves said colouring is the identity. Let $H$ be an arbitrary graph. We say that a graph $G$ is \emph{$H$-free} if $G$ does not contain an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-25 Marcin Stawiski

We prove several results about three families of graphs. For queen graphs, defined from the usual moves of a chess queen, we find the edge-chromatic number in almost all cases. In the unproved case, we have a conjecture supported by a vast…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-28 Witold Jarnicki , Wendy Myrvold , Peter Saltzman , Stan Wagon

In an edge-coloring of a cubic graph, an edge is poor or rich, if the set of colors assigned to the edge and the four edges adjacent it, has exactly five or exactly three distinct colors, respectively. An edge is normal in an edge-coloring…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo , Vahan Mkrtchyan

A connected graph $G$ with chromatic number $t$ is double-critical if $G \backslash \{x, y\}$ is $(t - 2)$-colorable for each edge $xy \in E(G)$. The complete graphs are the only known examples of double-critical graphs. A long-standing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-19 Martin Rolek , Zi-Xia Song

A graph $G$ is called $(d_1,\dots,d_k)$-colorable if its vertices can be partitioned into $k$ sets $V_1,\dots,V_k$ such that $\Delta(\langle V_i\rangle_G)\leq d_i, i\in \{1,\dots, k\}$. If $d_1 = \dots = d_k = m$ we say that $G$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-22 Alexandra Kolačkovská , Mária Maceková , Roman Soták , Diana Švecová

We investigate some coloring properties of Kneser graphs. A star-free coloring is a proper coloring $c:V(G)\to \Bbb{N}$ such that no path with three vertices may be colored with just two consecutive numbers. The minimum positive integer $t$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-01-06 Hossein Hajiabolhassan

A $k$-colouring (not necessarily proper) of vertices of a graph is called {\it acyclic}, if for every pair of distinct colours $i$ and $j$ the subgraph induced by the edges whose endpoints have colours $i$ and $j$ is acyclic. In the paper…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Anna Fiedorowicz , Elżbieta Sidorowicz

We describe an algorithm for generating all $k$-critical $\mathcal H$-free graphs, based on a method of Ho\`{a}ng et al. Using this algorithm, we prove that there are only finitely many $4$-critical $(P_7,C_k)$-free graphs, for both $k=4$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-08-14 Jan Goedgebeur , Oliver Schaudt

We consider Kempe changes on the $k$-colorings of a graph on $n$ vertices. If the graph is $(k-1)$-degenerate, then all its $k$-colorings are equivalent up to Kempe changes. However, the sequence between two $k$-colorings that arises from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-07 Marthe Bonamy , Vincent Delecroix , Clément Legrand-Duchesne

In this paper we have shown without assuming the four color theorem of planar graphs that every (bridgeless) cubic planar graph has a three-edge-coloring. This is an old-conjecture due to Tait in the squeal of efforts in settling the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 I. Cahit

Weak diameter coloring of graphs recently attracted attention partially due to its connection to asymptotic dimension of metric spaces. We consider weak diameter list-coloring of graphs in this paper. Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k and Norin proved that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-01 Joshua Crouch , Chun-Hung Liu
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