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We show that the Weibel-mediated collisionless shocks are driven at non-relativistic propagation speed (0.1c < V < 0.45c) in unmagnetized electron-ion plasmas by performing two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-18 Tsunehiko N. Kato , Hideaki Takabe

Laser-driven collisonless electrostatic shock formation and the subsequent ion acceleration have been studied in near critical density plasmas. Particle-in-cell simulations show that both the speed of laser-driven collisionless…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2016-11-22 M. Liu , S. M. Weng , Y. T. Li , D. W. Yuan , M. Chen , P. Mulser , Z. M. Sheng , M. Murakami , L. L. Yu , X. L. Zheng , J. Zhang

Electron injection at high Mach-number nonrelativistic perpendicular shocks is studied here for parameters that are applicable to young SNR shocks. Using high-resolution large-scale two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-06-12 Artem Bohdan , Jacek Niemiec , Martin Pohl , Yosuke Matsumoto , Takanobu Amano , Masahiro Hoshino

We investigate the escape process from a perpendicular shock region of a spherical shock in the interstellar medium (ISM). The diffusive shock acceleration in the perpendicular shock of supernova remnants (SNRs) has been expected to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-11-03 Shoma F. Kamijima , Yutaka Ohira

We investigate the process of Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA) of particles with mass number to charge number ratios $A/Q > 1$, e.g., partially-ionized heavy ions. To this end, we introduce helium- and carbon-like ions at solar abundances…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-31 Damiano Caprioli , Luca Orusa , Miha Cernetic , Colby C. Haggerty , Bricker Ostler

Thermal electrons cannot directly participate in the process of diffusive acceleration at electron-ion shocks because their Larmor radii are smaller than the shock transition width: this is the well-known electron injection problem of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-06-29 Mohamad Shalaby , Rouven Lemmerz , Timon Thomas , Christoph Pfrommer

Shock waves propagating in collisionless heliospheric and astrophysical plasmas have been studied extensively over the decades. One prime motivation is to understand the nonthermal particle acceleration at shocks. Although the theory of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-09-09 T. Amano , Y. Matsumoto , A. Bohdan , O. Kobzar , S. Matsukiyo , M. Oka , J. Niemiec , M. Pohl , M. Hoshino

We study diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of electrons in non-relativistic quasi-perpendicular shocks using self-consistent one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. By exploring the parameter space of sonic and Alfv\'{e}nic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-07-22 Rui Xu , Anatoly Spitkovsky , Damiano Caprioli

Intense laser-plasma interactions are an essential tool for the laboratory study of ion acceleration at a collisionless shock. With two-dimensional particle-in-cell calculations of a multicomponent plasma we observe two electrostatic…

Diffusive shock acceleration is considered as the main mechanism for particle energization in supernova remnants, as well as in other classes of sources. The existence of some remnants that show a bilateral morphology in the X-rays and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-07 Pierre Cristofari , Pasquale Blasi

We present two-dimensional hybrid kinetic/magnetohydrodynamic simulations of planned laser-ablation experiments in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD). Our results, based on parameters which have been validated in previous experiments, show that…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2016-12-21 M. S. Weidl , D. Winske , F. Jenko , C. Niemann

Shocks of supernova remnants (SNRs) accelerate charged particles up to 100 TeV range via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) mechanism. It is believed that shocks of SNRs are the main contributors to the pool of Galactic cosmic rays,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-04-05 Jacco Vink , Aya Bamba

We present the first laboratory observations of time-resolved electron and ion velocity distributions in forming, magnetized collisionless shocks. Thomson scattering of a probe laser beam was used to observe the interaction of a…

These notes present the fundamentals of Fermi acceleration at shocks, with a special attention to the role that supernova remnants have in producing Galactic cosmic rays. Then, the recent discoveries in the theory of diffusive shock…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-10-09 Damiano Caprioli

We investigate the physics of particle acceleration at non-relativistic shocks exploiting two different and complementary approaches, namely a semi-analytic modeling of cosmic-ray modified shocks and large hybrid (kinetic protons/fluid…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-11 Damiano Caprioli

We have performed 2D hybrid simulations of non-relativistic collisionless shocks in the presence of pre-existing energetic particles ("seeds"); such a study applies, for instance, to the re-acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-07-18 Damiano Caprioli , Horace Zhang , Anatoly Spitkovsky

Heliospheric shocks are excellent systems for testing theories of particle acceleration in their environs. These generally fall into two classes: (1) interplanetary shocks that are linear in their ion acceleration characteristics, with the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Matthew G. Baring , Errol J. Summerlin

The injection rate of suprathermal protons into the diffusive shock acceleration process should vary strongly over the surface of supernova remnant shocks. These variations and the absolute value of the injection rate are investigated. In…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. J. Voelk , E. G. Berezhko , L. T. Ksenofontov

We perform particle-in-cell simulations of perpendicular nonrelativistic collisionless shocks to study electron heating and pre-acceleration for parameters that permit extrapolation to the conditions at young supernova remnants. Our…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-10-04 Artem Bohdan , Jacek Niemiec , Oleh Kobzar , Martin Pohl

Collisionless shocks with low sonic Mach numbers, $M_{\rm s} \lesssim 4$, are expected to accelerate cosmic ray (CR) protons via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in the intracluster medium (ICM). However, observational evidence for CR…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-10-10 Ji-Hoon Ha , Dongsu Ryu , Hyesung Kang , Allard Jan van Marle