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A collisionless shock may be strongly modified by the presence of neutral atoms through the processes of charge exchange between ions and neutrals and ionization of the latter. These two processes lead to exchange of energy and momentum…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-04 P. Blasi , G. Morlino , R. Bandiera , E. Amato , D. Caprioli

A simplified model of particle transport at a quasiparallel one-dimensional collisionless shock is suggested. In this model the MHD-turbulence behind the shock is dominated by a circularly polarized, large amplitude Alfv\'en wave originated…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 M. A. Malkov

We present three-dimensional hybrid simulations of collisionless shocks that propagate parallel to the background magnetic field to study the acceleration of protons that forms a high-energy tail on the distribution. We focus on the initial…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 Fan Guo , Joe Giacalone

Particle acceleration in relativistic shocks of electron-positron plasmas with proton admixture is investigated through two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The upstream plasma, with a bulk Lorentz factor of $10$ and a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-02 Huan Yu , Qi Xia , Jun Fang

Collisionless, turbulent plasmas surround the Earth, from the magnetosphere to the intergalactic medium, and the fluctuations within them affect nearly every field in the space sciences, from space weather forecasts to theories of galaxy…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-28 Keyan Gootkin , Colby Haggerty , Damiano Caprioli , Zachary Davis

Plasma processes close to SNR shocks result in the amplification of magnetic fields and in the acceleration of electrons, injecting them into the diffusive acceleration mechanism. The acceleration of electrons and the B field amplification…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-09 M E Dieckmann , G Murphy , A Meli , L O C Drury

We present the results of large hybrid (kinetic ions - fluid electrons) simulations of particle acceleration at non-relativistic collisionless shocks. Ion acceleration efficiency and magnetic field amplification are investigated in detail…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-23 Damiano Caprioli

Injection process of pickup ion acceleration at a heliospheric termination shock is investigated. Using two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulation, accelerated pickup ions are self-consistently reproduced by tracking long…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 S. Matsukiyo , Y. Matsumoto

A new numerical model of the nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration is presented. It is used for modeling of particle acceleration in supernova remnants. The model contains coupled spherically symmetric hydrodynamic equations and the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-30 V. N. Zirakashvili , V. S. Ptuskin

The theory of diffusive particle acceleration explains the spectral properties of the cosmic rays below energies of approx. 10^6 GeV as produced at strong shocks in supernova remnants (SNR's). To supply the observed flux of cosmic rays, a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 U. D. J. Gieseler , T. W. Jones , Hyesung Kang

Perpendicular relativistic ($\gamma_0=10$) shocks in magnetized pair plasmas are investigated using two dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations. A systematic survey, from unmagnetized to strongly magnetized shocks, is presented accurately…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-04-25 Illya Plotnikov , Anna Grassi , Mickael Grech

The study of collisionless shocks and their role in cosmic ray acceleration has gained importance through observations and simulations, driving interest in reproducing these conditions in laboratory experiments using high-power lasers. In…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-03-04 Luca Orusa , Vicente Valenzuela-Villaseca

The early acceleration of protons and electrons in the nonrelativistic collisionless shocks with three obliquities are investigated through 1D particle-in-cell simulations. In the simulations, the charged particles possessing a velocity of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-05-06 Jun Fang , Chun-Yan Lu , Jing-Wen Yan , Huan Yu

Context: Cosmic ray acceleration in galaxy clusters is still an ongoing puzzle, with relativistic electrons forming radio relics at merger shocks and emitting synchrotron radiation. In the present work we perform hybrid-kinetic simulations…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-02-02 S. S. Boula , J. Niemiec , T. Amano , O. Kobzar

A pair of curved shocks in a collisionless plasma is examined with a two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The shocks are created by the collision of two electron-ion clouds at a speed that exceeds everywhere the threshold…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-07-14 M. E. Dieckmann , A. Bock , H. Ahmed , D. Doria , G. Sarri , A. Ynnerman , M. Borghesi

The limits imposed on diffusive shock acceleration by upstream ion-neutral Alfven wave damping, and by ionisation and Coulomb losses of low energy particles, are calculated. Analytic solutions are given for the steady upstream wave…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-02-03 L O'C Drury , P Duffy , J G Kirk

Cosmic rays are charged particles that are accelerated to relativistic speeds by astrophysical shocks. Numerical models have been successful in confirming the acceleration process for (quasi-)parallel shocks, which have the magnetic field…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-09 Allard Jan van Marle , Artem Bohdan , Anabella Araudo , Fabien Casse , Alexandre Marcowith

Collisionless plasma shocks are efficient sources of non-thermal particle acceleration in space and astrophysical systems. We use hybrid (kinetic ions -- fluid electrons) simulations to examine the non-linear feedback of the self-generated…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-12-16 Colby C. Haggerty , Damiano Caprioli

In this paper, two-dimensional (2-D) hybrid simulations are performed to investigate ion dynamics at a rippled quasi-parallel shock. The results show that the ripples around the shock front are inherent structures of a quasi-parallel shock,…

Space Physics · Physics 2016-05-25 Yufei Hao , Quanming Lu , Xinliang Gao , Shui Wang

The momentum distribution of particles accelerated at strong non-relativistic shocks may be influenced by the spatial distribution of the flow speed around the shock. This phenomenon becomes evident in the cosmic-ray modified shock, where…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-08-14 O. Petruk , T. Kuzyo