Related papers: On the work of internal forces
The work fluctuations of a harmonic oscillator in contact with a thermostat and driven out of equilibrium by an external force are studied experimentally. For the work both the transient and stationary state fluctuation theorems hold. The…
The principles of creation of the mechanics of structured particles in the frame of the Newton's laws are considered. The explanation how this mechanics leads to the account of dissipative forces is offered. Why the motions of the system…
Despite the wide usage of information as a concept in science, we have yet to develop a clear & concise scientific definition. This paper is aimed at laying the foundations for a new theory concerning the mechanics of information alongside…
A system of $N$ interacting objects with internal degrees of freedom is considered. Derivation of system of equations for the description of two interacting objects with spin is given. Relations between the parameters describing subsystems…
We argue that statistical mechanics of systems with relaxation implies breaking the energy function of systems into two having different transformation rules. With this duality the energy approach incorporates the generalized vortex forces.…
The relationship between the intrinsic motion of gravity, light, and time is explored in terms of the principles of entropy, causality, energy, and symmetry conservation. A conceptual mechanism for gravity and the gravitational connection…
Due to the coupling of a quantum system to its environment energy can be transfered between the two subsystems in both directions. In the present study we consider this process in a general framework for interactions with different…
The internal (or residual) stress is among the key notions to describe the state of the systems far from equilibrium. Such stress is invisible on the macroscopic scale where the system is regarded as a blackbox. Yet nonequilibrium…
Quantum thermodynamics and quantum information are two frameworks for employing quantum mechanical systems for practical tasks, exploiting genuine quantum features to obtain advantages with respect to classical implementations. While…
A unified thermodynamic formalism describing the efficiency of learning is proposed. First, we derive an inequality, which is more strength than Clausius's inequality, revealing the lower bound of the entropy-production rate of a subsystem.…
The possibility of an extrinsic origin for inertial reaction forces has recently seen increased attention in the physical literature. Among theories of extrinsic inertia, the two considered by the current work are (1) the hypothesis that…
We analyse a mechanical system in two-dimensional relative motion with friction. Although the system is simple, the peculiar interplay between two kinetic friction forces and gravity leads to the wide range of admissible solutions exceeding…
We study self-organisation of collective motion as a thermodynamic phenomenon, in the context of the first law of thermodynamics. It is expected that the coherent ordered motion typically self-organises in the presence of changes in the…
Several prior attempts to formulate the Laws of Thermodynamics for a small region within a larger quantum system have led to inconsistencies and unexplained infinities. The entropy and external work, in particular, require careful analysis…
I review basic concepts in the nonequilibrium physics of small systems, emphasizing single molecule experiments and how they contribute to expanding our current understanding of energy and information.
Uncertainty relations play a crucial role in quantum mechanics. Well-defined methods exist for the derivation of such uncertainties for pairs of observables. Other approaches also allow the formulation of time-energy uncertainty relations,…
The structure of the rate of variation of the atomic energy for an arbitrary stationary motion of the atom in interaction with a quantum electromagnetic field is investigated. Our main purpose is to rewrite the formalism in Ref. \cite{zz}…
The study of thermal heat engines was pivotal to establishing the principles of equilibrium thermodynamics, with implications far wider than only engine optimization. For nonequilibrium systems, which by definition dissipate energy even at…
We address a long-standing debate over whether classical magnetic forces can do work, ultimately answering the question in the affirmative. In detail, we couple a classical particle with intrinsic spin and elementary dipole moments to the…
There are three electromagnetic integrals of motion that can be interpreted as the energy. These are the background energy, the elastic energy and the integral in the torsion field commonly referred to as the energy of the electromagnetic…