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Natural Language Generation (NLG) refers to the operation of expressing the calculation results of a system in human language. Since the quality of generated sentences from an NLG model cannot be fully represented using only quantitative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Dojun Park , Youngjin Jang , Harksoo Kim

The paper focuses on the interpretability of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) evaluation metrics, which received little attention in previous studies. To bridge the gap, we introduce **CLEME2.0**, a reference-based metric describing four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jingheng Ye , Zishan Xu , Yinghui Li , Linlin Song , Qingyu Zhou , Hai-Tao Zheng , Ying Shen , Wenhao Jiang , Hong-Gee Kim , Ruitong Liu , Xin Su , Zifei Shan

For natural language processing systems, two kinds of evidence support the use of text representations from neural language models "pretrained" on large unannotated corpora: performance on application-inspired benchmarks (Peters et al.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Zhaofeng Wu , Hao Peng , Noah A. Smith

We introduce gec-metrics, a library for using and developing grammatical error correction (GEC) evaluation metrics through a unified interface. Our library enables fair system comparisons by ensuring that everyone conducts evaluations using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Takumi Goto , Yusuke Sakai , Taro Watanabe

The evaluation of Natural Language Generation (NLG) models has gained increased attention, urging the development of metrics that evaluate various aspects of generated text. LUNA addresses this challenge by introducing a unified interface…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Marat Saidov , Aleksandra Bakalova , Ekaterina Taktasheva , Vladislav Mikhailov , Ekaterina Artemova

Pretraining sentence encoders with language modeling and related unsupervised tasks has recently been shown to be very effective for language understanding tasks. By supplementing language model-style pretraining with further training on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Jason Phang , Thibault Févry , Samuel R. Bowman

While most neural machine translation (NMT) systems are still trained using maximum likelihood estimation, recent work has demonstrated that optimizing systems to directly improve evaluation metrics such as BLEU can substantially improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-17 John Wieting , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Kevin Gimpel , Graham Neubig

Reference-free evaluation has the potential to make machine translation evaluation substantially more scalable, allowing us to pivot easily to new languages or domains. It has been recently shown that the probabilities given by a large,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Sweta Agrawal , George Foster , Markus Freitag , Colin Cherry

Although neural-based machine translation evaluation metrics, such as COMET or BLEURT, have achieved strong correlations with human judgements, they are sometimes unreliable in detecting certain phenomena that can be considered as critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Taisiya Glushkova , Chrysoula Zerva , André F. T. Martins

The incorporation of pseudo data in the training of grammatical error correction models has been one of the main factors in improving the performance of such models. However, consensus is lacking on experimental configurations, namely,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Shun Kiyono , Jun Suzuki , Masato Mita , Tomoya Mizumoto , Kentaro Inui

The majority of NLG evaluation relies on automatic metrics, such as BLEU . In this paper, we motivate the need for novel, system- and data-independent automatic evaluation methods: We investigate a wide range of metrics, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Jekaterina Novikova , Ondřej Dušek , Amanda Cercas Curry , Verena Rieser

BLEU is widely considered to be an informative metric for text-to-text generation, including Text Simplification (TS). TS includes both lexical and structural aspects. In this paper we show that BLEU is not suitable for the evaluation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Elior Sulem , Omri Abend , Ari Rappoport

This paper shows that standard assessment methodology for style transfer has several significant problems. First, the standard metrics for style accuracy and semantics preservation vary significantly on different re-runs. Therefore one has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Alexey Tikhonov , Viacheslav Shibaev , Aleksander Nagaev , Aigul Nugmanova , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Text generation is an important Natural Language Processing task with various applications. Although several metrics have already been introduced to evaluate the text generation methods, each of them has its own shortcomings. The most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Ehsan Montahaei , Danial Alihosseini , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Progress in Text-to-Image (T2I) models has significantly improved the generation of images from textual descriptions. However, existing evaluation metrics do not adequately assess the models' ability to handle a diverse range of textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Jingtao Cao , Zheng Zhang , Hongru Wang , Kam-Fai Wong

While machine translation evaluation metrics based on string overlap (e.g., BLEU) have their limitations, their computations are transparent: the BLEU score assigned to a particular candidate translation can be traced back to the presence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Marzena Karpinska , Nishant Raj , Katherine Thai , Yixiao Song , Ankita Gupta , Mohit Iyyer

We treat grammatical error correction (GEC) as a classification problem in this study, where for different types of errors, a target word is identified, and the classifier predicts the correct word form from a set of possible choices. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Zhu Kaili , Chuan Wang , Ruobing Li , Yang Liu , Tianlei Hu , Hui Lin

Automatic evaluation metrics are crucial for advancing sign language translation (SLT). Current SLT evaluation metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are only text-based, and it remains unclear to what extent text-based metrics can reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shakib Yazdani , Yasser Hamidullah , Cristina España-Bonet , Eleftherios Avramidis , Josef van Genabith

Widely used evaluation metrics for text generation either do not work well with longer texts or fail to evaluate all aspects of text quality. In this paper, we introduce a new metric called SMART to mitigate such limitations. Specifically,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Reinald Kim Amplayo , Peter J. Liu , Yao Zhao , Shashi Narayan

Reference-free evaluation metrics for grammatical error correction (GEC) have achieved high correlation with human judgments. However, these metrics are not designed to evaluate adversarial systems that aim to obtain unjustifiably high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Takumi Goto , Yusuke Sakai , Taro Watanabe