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A pedagogical summary of current and past experimental results of spin-dependent nucleon structure prior to the arrival of the Electron-Ion Collider is attempted. After an introduction, results from fixed-target experiments at SLAC,…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2022-06-01 Caroline Riedl

We predict the twist-2 Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) of the pion, namely the unpolarized quark TMD, $f_{1}(x, k_\perp)$, and the transversely polarized quark TMD, also known as the Boer-Mulders function,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-09-09 Mohammad Ahmady , Chandan Mondal , Ruben Sandapen

We present a review of current Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) phenomenology focusing our attention on the unpolarized TMD parton distribution function and the Sivers function. The paper introduces and comments about the new…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-23 Stefano Melis

An explicit evaluation of the two pion transverse momentum dependent parton distributions at leading twist is presented, in the framework of the Nambu-Jona Lasinio model with Pauli-Villars regularization. The transverse momentum dependence…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-01-20 Santiago Noguera , Sergio Scopetta

We present a thorough analysis of unpolarized Drell-Yan (DY) pair production in pion-nucleus scattering. On the nucleus side, we use nuclear parton distributions along with parametrisations of the nucleon partonic transverse distribution…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-08-29 Federico Alberto Ceccopieri , Aurore Courtoy , Santiago Noguera , Sergio Scopetta

We present an extraction of unpolarized partonic transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) from a simultaneous fit of available data measured in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, Drell-Yan and Z-boson production. To connect data at…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-08-02 Alessandro Bacchetta , Filippo Delcarro , Cristian Pisano , Marco Radici , Andrea Signori

Muon pairs created in the Drell-Yan process of a negative pion beam of 190 GeV/c momentum impinging on a transversely polarised NH$_3$ target were detected with the COMPASS spectrometer at CERN in 2015. In addition to the extraction of the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2018-12-21 Jan Matousek

This study investigates the sub-leading twist generalized transverse momentum dependent distributions (GTMDs) of a proton within the light-front quark-diquark model (LFQDM) framework. We solve the parametrization equations for the Dirac…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-11-21 Shubham Sharma , Sameer Jain , Harleen Dahiya

The current status of the theoretical understanding of the transverse-momentum dependent parton densities (TMDs) is discussed. Special attention is payed to the difference between the operator definitions of TMDs proposed so far, the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-02-07 I. O. Cherednikov

Central to understanding the nonpertubative, intrinsic partonic nature of hadron structure are the concepts of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distribution and fragmentation functions. A TMD factorization approach to the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-08-17 J. O. Gonzalez-Hernandez , T. C. Rogers , N. Sato

The factorization theorem for $q_T$ spectra in Drell-Yan processes, boson production and semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering allows for the determination of the non-perturbative parts of transverse momentum dependent parton…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-23 Umberto D'Alesio , Miguel G. Echevarría , Stefano Melis , Ignazio Scimemi

We employ the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) framework to compute the leading-twist (twist-2) and subleading-twist (twist-3) transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) of the kaon. The light-front wave…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-13 Yuanqi Lu , Zhimin Zhu , Jiangshan Lan , Chandan Mondal , Xingbo Zhao , James P. Vary

We present exploratory studies of the 3D proton tomography through polarized $T$-odd gluon TMDs at leading twist, obtained in a spectator-model framework. We embody in our approach a flexible parameterization for the spectator-mass spectral…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-01-18 Alessandro Bacchetta , Francesco Giovanni Celiberto , Marco Radici

I give a brief overview of our current understanding of the internal partonic 3D structure of nucleons in momentum space. I discuss some recent extractions of transverse-momentum-dependent distributions for quarks, whose analyses in the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-01-16 Marco Radici

We discuss the twist-three, unpolarized, chiral-odd, transverse momentum dependent parton distribution (TMD) $e^q(x,k_\perp)$ within a light-front model. We review a model-independent decomposition of this TMD, which follows from the QCD…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-12-06 B. Pasquini , S. Rodini

The main properties of the leading-twist transverse momentum dependent parton distributions in a light-cone constituent quark model of the nucleon are reviewed, with focus on the role of the spin-spin and spin-orbit correlations of quarks.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-08-24 B. Pasquini , S. Boffi , A. V. Efremov , P. Schweitzer

In this paper, we study the parton dynamics in Drell-Yan collisions involving proton-nuclei interactions in the limit of small transverse momentum, emphasizing the role of the cold nuclear matter effects. The distribution of transverse…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-08-21 Weiyao Ke , John Terry , Ivan Vitev

We show possible transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) for spin-1 hadrons including twist-3 and 4 functions in addition to the leading twist-2 ones by investigating all the possible decomposition of a quark…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-05-12 S. Kumano , Qin-Tao Song

This work introduces a novel, nonparametric pixel-based framework for the Bayesian inference and imaging of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distributions. The methodology is built upon a fully differentiable framework that…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-20 Marco Zaccheddu , Leonard Gamberg , Wally Melnitchouk , Daniel Pitonyak , Alexei Prokudin , Jian-Wei Qiu , Nobuo Sato

Using the recent relatively precise experimental results on the pion structure function, obtained from Drell--Yan processes, we quantitatively test an old model where the structure function of any hadron is determined by that of its…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-28 G. Altarelli , S. Petrarca , F. Rapuano