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Many formal languages have been proposed to express or represent Ontologies, including RDF, RDFS, DAML+OIL and OWL. Most of these languages are based on XML syntax, but with various terminologies and expressiveness. Therefore, choosing a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-06-24 Mohammad Mustafa Taye

This paper investigates the logical reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). For a precisely defined yet tractable formulation, we choose the conceptually simple but technically complex task of constructing proofs in Boolean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yuan Xia , Akanksha Atrey , Fadoua Khmaissia , Kedar S. Namjoshi

The author describes a conceptual study towards mapping grounded natural language discourse representation structures to instances of controlled language statements. This can be achieved via a pipeline of preexisting state of the art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-12-10 Nicholas H. Kirk

Many organizations seek to ensure that machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems work as intended in production but currently do not have a cohesive methodology in place to do so. To fill this gap, we propose MLTE…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Katherine R. Maffey , Kyle Dotterrer , Jennifer Niemann , Iain Cruickshank , Grace A. Lewis , Christian Kästner

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are fundamentally next-token prediction systems, their practical applications extend far beyond this basic function. From natural language processing and text generation to conversational assistants and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Vishakha Agrawal , Archie Chaudhury , Shreya Agrawal

Large language models (LLMs), especially when instruction-tuned for chat, have become part of our daily lives, freeing people from the process of searching, extracting, and integrating information from multiple sources by offering a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yuxia Wang , Minghan Wang , Muhammad Arslan Manzoor , Fei Liu , Georgi Georgiev , Rocktim Jyoti Das , Preslav Nakov

The goal of this paper is to help mainstream programmers routinely use formal verification on their smart contracts by 1) proposing a new YAML-format for writing general-purpose formal specifications, 2) demonstrating how a formal…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Suhabe Bugrara

The development of mechanised language specification based on structured operational semantics, with applications to verified compilers and sound program analysis, requires huge effort. General theory and frameworks have been proposed to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Martin Bodin , Philippa Gardner , Thomas Jensen , Alan Schmitt

The human language can be expressed through multiple sources of information known as modalities, including tones of voice, facial gestures, and spoken language. Recent multimodal learning with strong performances on human-centric tasks such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Martin Q. Ma , Muqiao Yang , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Louis-Philippe Morency

Recent technological advances have made it possible to build real-time, interactive spoken dialogue systems for a wide variety of applications. However, when users do not respect the limitations of such systems, performance typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Diane J. Litman , Shimei Pan

Generation capabilities and language coverage of multilingual large language models (mLLMs) are advancing rapidly. However, evaluation practices for generative abilities of mLLMs are still lacking comprehensiveness, scientific rigor, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Julia Kreutzer , Eleftheria Briakou , Sweta Agrawal , Marzieh Fadaee , Kocmi Tom

This paper describes Mull, an open-source tool for mutation testing based on the LLVM framework. Mull works with LLVM IR, a low-level intermediate representation, to perform mutations, and uses LLVM JIT for just-in-time compilation. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Alex Denisov , Stanislav Pankevich

Evaluation is the baton for the development of large language models. Current evaluations typically employ a single-item assessment paradigm for each atomic test objective, which struggles to discern whether a model genuinely possesses the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Boxi Cao , Mengjie Ren , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Feng Zhang , Junfeng Zhan , Le Sun

This review gives an extensive overview of evaluation methods for task-oriented dialogue systems, paying special attention to practical applications of dialogue systems, for example for customer service. The review (1) provides an overview…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Anouck Braggaar , Christine Liebrecht , Emiel van Miltenburg , Emiel Krahmer

We introduce ontology-mediated planning, in which planning problems are combined with an ontology. Our formalism differs from existing ones in that we focus on a strong separation of the formalisms for describing planning problems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Tobias John , Patrick Koopmann

Large language models (LLMs) have become central to modern AI workflows, powering applications from open-ended text generation to complex agent-based reasoning. However, debugging these models remains a persistent challenge due to their…

A rigorous formalization of desired system requirements is indispensable when performing any verification task. This often limits the application of verification techniques, as writing formal specifications is an error-prone and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Matthias Cosler , Christopher Hahn , Daniel Mendoza , Frederik Schmitt , Caroline Trippel

Grammatic is a tool for grammar definition and manipulation aimed to improve modularity and reuse of grammars and related development artifacts. It is independent from parsing technology and any other details of target system…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2009-01-19 Andrey Breslav

This note concerns a search for publications in which the pragmatic concept of a test as conducted in the practice of software testing is formalized, a theory about software testing based on such a formalization is presented or it is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-08-17 C. A. Middelburg

Machine translation (MT) was developed as one of the hottest research topics in the natural language processing (NLP) literature. One important issue in MT is that how to evaluate the MT system reasonably and tell us whether the translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Lifeng Han