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Enabling neural networks to learn complex logical constraints and fulfill symbolic reasoning is a critical challenge. Bridging this gap often requires guiding the neural network's output distribution to move closer to the symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Xuan Zhang , Zhijian Zhou , Weidi Xu , Yanting Miao , Chao Qu , Yuan Qi

Artificial Intelligence agents are required to learn from their surroundings and to reason about the knowledge that has been learned in order to make decisions. While state-of-the-art learning from data typically uses sub-symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Samy Badreddine , Artur d'Avila Garcez , Luciano Serafini , Michael Spranger

Symbolic regression is a powerful technique that can discover analytical equations that describe data, which can lead to explainable models and generalizability outside of the training data set. In contrast, neural networks have achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Samuel Kim , Peter Y. Lu , Srijon Mukherjee , Michael Gilbert , Li Jing , Vladimir Čeperić , Marin Soljačić

Based on the already known connection between multilayer perceptrons and Lukasiewicz logic with rational coefficients, we take a step forward in analyzing its training process using a three-sorted hybrid modal logic: a multilayer perceptron…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Ioana Leuştean , Bogdan Macovei

We introduce a neuro-symbolic natural logic framework based on reinforcement learning with introspective revision. The model samples and rewards specific reasoning paths through policy gradient, in which the introspective revision algorithm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Yufei Feng , Xiaoyu Yang , Xiaodan Zhu , Michael Greenspan

We combine Recurrent Neural Networks with Tensor Product Representations to learn combinatorial representations of sequential data. This improves symbolic interpretation and systematic generalisation. Our architecture is trained end-to-end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Imanol Schlag , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Conventional deep reinforcement learning methods are sample-inefficient and usually require a large number of training trials before convergence. Since such methods operate on an unconstrained action set, they can lead to useless actions. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Daiki Kimura , Subhajit Chaudhury , Akifumi Wachi , Ryosuke Kohita , Asim Munawar , Michiaki Tatsubori , Alexander Gray

Neural models and symbolic algorithms have recently been combined for tasks requiring both perception and reasoning. Neural models ground perceptual input into a conceptual vocabulary, on which a classical reasoning algorithm is applied to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Ananye Agarwal , Pradeep Shenoy , Mausam

We consider the problem of learning free-form symbolic expressions from raw data, such as that produced by an experiment in any scientific domain. Accurate and interpretable models of scientific phenomena are the cornerstone of scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Nikos Arechiga , Francine Chen , Yan-Ying Chen , Yanxia Zhang , Rumen Iliev , Heishiro Toyoda , Kent Lyons

Brain science is an evolving research area inviting great enthusiasm with its potential for providing insights and thereby, preventing, and treating multiple neuronal disorders affecting millions of patients. Discovery of relationships,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-03-17 Bisakha Ray , Alexander V. Alekseyenko , Sisi Ma , Alexander Statnikov , Constantin Aliferis

We introduce a novel learning and planning framework that replaces traditional reward-based optimisation with constructive logical inference. In our model, actions, transitions, and goals are represented as logical propositions, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Andrei T. Patrascu

Humans have the ability to seamlessly combine low-level visual input with high-level symbolic reasoning often in the form of recognising objects, learning relations between them and applying rules. Neuro-symbolic systems aim to bring a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Nuri Cingillioglu , Alessandra Russo

Symbolic regression is a technique that can automatically derive analytic models from data. Traditionally, symbolic regression has been implemented primarily through genetic programming that evolves populations of candidate solutions…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jiří Kubalík , Robert Babuška

We propose Logic Tensor Networks: a uniform framework for integrating automatic learning and reasoning. A logic formalism called Real Logic is defined on a first-order language whereby formulas have truth-value in the interval [0,1] and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-08 Luciano Serafini , Artur d'Avila Garcez

Reverse-engineering bar charts extracts textual and numeric information from the visual representations of bar charts to support application scenarios that require the underlying information. In this paper, we propose a neural network-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Fangfang Zhou , Yong Zhao , Wenjiang Chen , Yijing Tan , Yaqi Xu , Yi Chen , Chao Liu , Ying Zhao

Neural-symbolic approaches have recently gained popularity to inject prior knowledge into a learner without requiring it to induce this knowledge from data. These approaches can potentially learn competitive solutions with a significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Giuseppe Marra , Francesco Giannini , Michelangelo Diligenti , Marco Maggini , Marco Gori

Issues of safety, explainability, and efficiency are of increasing concern in learning systems deployed with hard and soft constraints. Symbolic Constrained Learning and Knowledge Distillation techniques have shown promising results in this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Miguel Angel Mendez-Lucero , Enrique Bojorquez Gallardo , Vaishak Belle

Deep learning has been shown to achieve impressive results in several tasks where a large amount of training data is available. However, deep learning solely focuses on the accuracy of the predictions, neglecting the reasoning process…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Giuseppe Marra , Michelangelo Diligenti , Francesco Giannini , Marco Gori , Marco Maggini

The unification of low-level perception and high-level reasoning is a long-standing problem in artificial intelligence, which has the potential to not only bring the areas of logic and learning closer together but also demonstrate how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Anton Fuxjaeger , Vaishak Belle

We introduce the bilingual dual-coding theory as a model for bilingual mental representation. Based on this model, lexical selection neural networks are implemented for a connectionist transfer project in machine translation. This lexical…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Ye-Yi Wang