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In this paper, we investigate the problem of synthesizing strategies for linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications that are interpreted over finite traces -- a problem that is central to the automated construction of controllers, robot…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Alberto Camacho , Meghyn Bienvenu , Sheila A. McIlraith

We train hierarchical Transformers on the task of synthesizing hardware circuits directly out of high-level logical specifications in linear-time temporal logic (LTL). The LTL synthesis problem is a well-known algorithmic challenge with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Frederik Schmitt , Christopher Hahn , Markus N. Rabe , Bernd Finkbeiner

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a widely used task specification language for autonomous systems. To mitigate the significant manual effort and expertise required to define LTL-encoded tasks, several methods have been proposed for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Smith Sundarsingh , Jun Wang , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh , Yiannis Kantaros

LTL synthesis -- the construction of a function to satisfy a logical specification formulated in Linear Temporal Logic -- is a 2EXPTIME-complete problem with relevant applications in controller synthesis and a myriad of artificial…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Jorge A. Baier , Alberto Camacho , Christian Muise , Sheila A. McIlraith

In runtime verification, manually formalizing a specification for monitoring system executions is a tedious and error-prone process. To address this issue, we consider the problem of automatically synthesizing formal specifications from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanael Fijalkow , Daniel Neider , Guillermo A. Perez

This paper studies the controller synthesis problem for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) specifications using (constrained) zonotope techniques. First, we implement (constrained) zonotope techniques to partition the state space and further to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-16 Wei Ren , Julien Calbert , Raphael Jungers

We discuss the problem of experimentally evaluating linear-time temporal logic (LTL) synthesis tools for reactive systems. We first survey previous such work for the currently publicly available synthesis tools, and then draw conclusions by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-02-22 Rüdiger Ehlers

In this paper, we study incremental LTLf synthesis -- a form of reactive synthesis where the goals are given incrementally while in execution. In other words, the protagonist agent is already executing a strategy for a certain goal when it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Giuseppe De Giacomo , Yves Lespérance , Gianmarco Parretti , Fabio Patrizi , Moshe Y. Vardi

Temporal logic specifications play an important role in a wide range of software analysis tasks, such as model checking, automated synthesis, program comprehension, and runtime monitoring. Given a set of positive and negative examples,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Changjian Zhang , Parv Kapoor , Ian Dardik , Leyi Cui , Romulo Meira-Goes , David Garlan , Eunsuk Kang

The control synthesis of a dynamic system subject to a signal temporal logic (STL) specification is commonly formulated as a mixed-integer linear/convex programming (MILP/MICP) problem. Solving such a problem is computationally expensive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-18 Zengjie Zhang , Sofie Haesaert

Propositional Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a popular formalism for specifying desirable requirements and security and privacy policies for software, networks, and systems. Yet expressing such requirements and policies in LTL remains…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Priscilla Kyei Danso , Mohammad Saqib Hasan , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Omar Chowdhury

Although it is widely accepted that every system should be robust, in the sense that "small" violations of environment assumptions should lead to "small" violations of system guarantees, it is less clear how to make this intuitive notion of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-02 Paulo Tabuada , Daniel Neider

We reduce synthesis for CTL* properties to synthesis for LTL. In the context of model checking this is impossible - CTL* is more expressive than LTL. Yet, in synthesis we have knowledge of the system structure and we can add new outputs.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-30 Roderick Bloem , Sven Schewe , Ayrat Khalimov

Converting high-level tasks described by natural language into formal specifications like Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a key step towards providing formal safety guarantees over cyber-physical systems (CPS). While the compliance of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Junle Li , Siqi Chen , Jiakai Li , Meiqi Tian , Bingzhuo Zhong

Temporal logic has been widely used to express complex task specifications for cyber-physical systems (CPSs). One way to synthesize a controller for CPS under temporal logic constraints is to first abstract the CPS as a discrete transition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-28 Luyao Niu , Andrew Clark

Compiling high-level programs to target high-speed packet-processing pipelines is a challenging combinatorial optimization problem. The compiler must configure the pipeline's resources to match the high-level semantics of the program, while…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Xiangyu Gao , Divya Raghunathan , Ruijie Fang , Tao Wang , Xiaotong Zhu , Anirudh Sivaraman , Srinivas Narayana , Aarti Gupta

Functional languages as input specifications for High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools allow to specify data dependencies but do not contain a notion of time nor execution order. In this paper, we propose a method to add this notion to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Hendrik Folmer , Robert de Groote , Marco Bekooij

Given a specification of linear-time temporal logic interpreted over finite traces (LTLf), the reactive synthesis problem asks to find a finitely-representable, terminating controller that reacts to the uncontrollable actions of an…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Luca Geatti , Marco Montali , Andrey Rivkin

We study the problem of realizing strategies for an LTLf goal specification while ensuring that at least an LTLf backup specification is satisfied in case of unreliability of certain input variables. We formally define the problem and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Christian Hagemeier , Giuseppe de Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a specification language for finite sequences (called traces) widely used in program verification, motion planning in robotics, process mining, and many other areas. We consider the problem of learning LTL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanaël Fijalkow , Daniel Neider