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Related papers: Construction of Three-Qubit Kochen-Specker Sets

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Standard quantum mechanics employs complex Hilbert spaces, but whether complex numbers are fundamental or merely convenient has long been debated. For decades, real-valued equivalents were considered mathematically possible but cumbersome.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Alan C. Maioli , Evaldo M. F. Curado , Jean-Pierre Gazeau

An essential ingredient in many examples of the conflict between quantum theory and noncontextual hidden variables (e.g., the proof of the Kochen-Specker theorem and Hardy's proof of Bell's theorem) is a set of atomic propositions about the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-11 Adán Cabello , José R. Portillo , Alberto Solís , Karl Svozil

The Kochen-Specker theorem shows that it is impossible to assign sharp values to all dynamical variables in quantum mechanics in such a way that the algebraic relations among the values of dynamical variables whose self-adjoint operators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Simon Friederich , Mritunjay Tyagi

One of the fundamental results in quantum foundations is the Kochen-Specker no-go theorem. For the quantum theory, the no-go theorem excludes the possibility of a class of hidden variable models where value attribution is context…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-20 Andris Ambainis , Manik Banik , Anubhav Chaturvedi , Dmitry Kravchenko , Ashutosh Rai

Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality are two remarkable nonclassical features of quantum theory, related to strong correlations between outcomes of measurements performed on quantum systems. Both phenomena can be witnessed by…

Quantum contextuality is a concept used to describe the property of hidden-variable theory that measurement outcomes predetermined by the hidden variables depend on the measurement context. The term measurement context can have different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Anton Skott , Jan-Åke Larsson

The prevailing view is that quantum phenomena can be harnessed to tackle certain problems beyond the reach of classical approaches. Quantifying this capability as a quantum-classical separation and demonstrating it on current quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Shashwat Kumar , Eliott Rosenberg , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Rodrigo Cortinas , Dmitri Maslov , Richard Oliver , Adam Zalcman , Matthew Neeley , Alice Pagano , Aaron Szasz , Ilya Drozdov , Zlatko Minev , Craig Gidney , Noureldin Yosri , Stijn J. de Graaf , Aniket Maiti , Dmitry Abanin , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Sayra Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Walt Askew , Nikita Astrakhantsev , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Hector Bates , Andreas Bengtsson , Martin Bigdeli , Alexander Bilmes , Simon Bilodeau , Felix Borjans , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Peter Brooks , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Jamal Busnaina , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Silas Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Jahan Claes , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Bryan Cochrane , Matt Cockrell , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , Harold Cook , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Laura De Lorenzo , Sean Demura , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Andrew Dunsworth , Valerie Ehimhen , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Lior Ella , Mahmoud Elzouka , David Enriquez , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Marcos Flores , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Jeremiah Ford , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Masaya Fukami , Alan Wing Lun Fung , Lenny Fuste , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Christopher Garrick , Robert Gasca , Helge Gehring , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , James E. Goeders , Ed Gonzales , Raja Gosula , Dietrich Graumann , Joel Grebel , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Jose Guerrero , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Tanner Hadick , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Jeanne Hartshorn , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Mike Hucka , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Shaun Jevons , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Cody Jones , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Dvir Kafri , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Ryan Kaufman , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Can M. Knaut , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Ryuho Kudo , Ben Kueffler , Arun Kumar , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , Vitali Kutsko , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Loïck Le Guevel , Emma Leavell , Justin Ledford , Joy Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Wendy Leung , Lily L Li , Wing Yan Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Matthew T. Lloyd , Aditya Locharla , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Eric Mascot , Paul Masih Das , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Matt McEwen , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Kevin C. Miao , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Logan Oas , William D. Oliver , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Sherman Peek , David Peterson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Michael Qian , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Arpit Ranadive , Matthew J. Reagor , Rachel Resnick , David M. Rhodes , Daniel Riley , Gabrielle Roberts , Roberto Rodriguez , Emma Ropes , Emma Rosenfeld , Dario Rosenstock , Elizabeth Rossi , David A. Rower , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Murat Can Sarihan , Kevin J. Satzinger , Sebastian Schroeder , Henry F. Schurkus , Aria Shahingohar , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Volodymyr Sivak , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , David A. Sobel , Barrett Spells , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Alexander Sztein , Madeline Taylor , Jothi Priyanka Thiruraman , Douglas Thor , Dogan Timucin , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Hao Tran , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Meghan Voorhees , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , James D. Watson , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Christopher J. Wood , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Elliot Young , Grayson Young , Ran Zhang , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Zhenjie Zou , Shruti Puri , Erik Lucero , Julian Kelly , Sergio Boixo , Yu Chen , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven , Pedram Roushan , Michel Devoret

We present an experimental scheme for the implementation of arbitrary generalized measurements, represented by positive-operator valued measures, on the polarization of single photons, using linear optical devices. Further, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Qiang Zhang , Hui Li , Tao Yang , Juan Yin , Jiangfeng Du , Jian-Wei Pan

It is well known that in quantum mechanics we cannot always define consistently properties that are context independent. Many approaches exist to describe contextual properties, such as Contextuality by Default (CbD), sheaf theory, topos…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-18 J. Acacio de Barros , Federico Holik , Decio Krause

Most of the paradoxical, for the classical intuition, features of quantum theory were formulated for situations which involve a fixed number of particles. While one can now find a formulation of Bell's theorem for quantum fields, a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Konrad Schlichtholz , Antonio Mandarino , Marek Żukowski

The Kochen-Specker theorem is a fundamental result in quantum foundations that has spawned massive interest since its inception. We show that within every Kochen-Specker graph, there exist interesting subgraphs which we term $01$-gadgets,…

The question of whether quantum phenomena can be explained by classical models with hidden variables is the subject of a long lasting debate. In 1964, Bell showed that certain types of classical models cannot explain the quantum mechanical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-21 G. Kirchmair , F. Zähringer , R. Gerritsma , M. Kleinmann , O. Gühne , A. Cabello , R. Blatt , C. F. Roos

Unspeakable coherence is a key feature separating quantum and classical physics. Modelled as asymmetry with respect to a continuous transformation generated by a physically relevant observable, such as the Hamiltonian or angular moment,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Benjamin Stratton , Chung-Yun Hsieh , Paul Skrzypczyk

Contextuality is a key feature of quantum mechanics, as was first brought to light by Bohr and later realised more technically by Kochen and Specker. Isham and Butterfield put contextuality at the heart of their topos-based formalism and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-05-09 Andreas Döring , Markus Frembs

A classical state-preparation device cannot generate states in relative superposition. We introduce classical models in which devices that are individually unable to generate states with relative superposition can be stochastically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Gabriele Cobucci , Alexander Bernal , Martin J. Renner , Armin Tavakoli

Klyachko and coworkers consider an orthogonality graph in the form of a pentagram, and in this way derive a Kochen-Specker inequality for spin 1 systems. In some low-dimensional situations Hilbert spaces are naturally organised, by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Piotr Badziag , Ingemar Bengtsson , Adan Cabello , Helena Granstrom , Jan-Åke Larsson

The discovery of quantum key distribution by Bennett and Brassard (BB84) bases on the fundamental quantum feature: incompatibility of measurements of quantum non-commuting observables. In 1991 Ekert showed that cryptographic key can be…

A classical fluid splitter produces the same patterns of energy redistribution as a Stern-Gerlach quantum device, with rotationally invariant coefficients of correlation between molecular paths. Alternative settings express a cosine squared…

General Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Ghenadie N. Mardari

Structures that demonstrate nonclassicality are of foundational interest in quantum mechanics, and can also be seen as resources for numerous applications in quantum information processing - particularly in the Hilbert space of $N$ qubits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-26 Mordecai Waegell

Complexity theory typically focuses on the difficulty of solving computational problems using classical inputs and outputs, even with a quantum computer. In the quantum world, it is natural to apply a different notion of complexity, namely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-07 Hugo Delavenne , François Le Gall , Yupan Liu , Masayuki Miyamoto