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The outer solar system exhibits an anomalous pattern of orbital clustering, characterized by an approximate alignment of the apsidal lines and angular momentum vectors of distant, long-term stable Kuiper belt objects. One explanation for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-14 Konstantin Batygin , Michael E. Brown

The dominant accretion process leading to the formation of the terrestrial planets of the Solar System is a subject of intense scientific debate. Two radically different scenarios have been proposed. The classic scenario starts from a disk…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-15 Alessandro Morbidelli , Thorsten Kleine , Francis Nimmo

The giant planets of the solar system likely played a large role in shaping the architecture of the terrestrial planets. Using an updated collision model, we conduct a suite of high resolution N-body integrations to probe the relationship…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-02-13 Anna C. Childs , Elisa Quintana , Thomas Barclay , Jason H. Steffen

Over the past two years, the search for low-mass extrasolar planets has led to the detection of seven so-called 'hot Neptunes' or 'super-Earths' around Sun-like stars. These planets have masses 5-20 times larger than the Earth and are…

Direct imaging observations of planets revealed that wide-orbit ($>10$ au) giant planets exist even around subsolar-metallicity host stars and do not require metal-rich environments for their formation. A possible formation mechanism of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-27 Ryoki Matsukoba , Eduard I. Vorobyov , Takashi Hosokawa , Manuel Guedel

The majority of stars form in star clusters and many are thought to have planetary companions. We demonstrate that multi-planet systems are prone to instabilities as a result of frequent stellar encounters in these star clusters much more…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 W. Hao , M. B. N. Kouwenhoven , R. Spurzem

The Solar System hosts the most studied and best understood major and minor planetary bodies - and the only extraterrestrial bodies to have been visited by spacecraft. The Solar System therefore provides important constraints on both the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-04 Anders Johansen , Michele T. Bannister , Luke Dones , Seth Jacobson , Kelsi Singer , Kathryn Volk , Maria Womack

Gas-giant planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and massive exoplanets, were formed via the gas accretion onto the solid cores each with a mass of roughly ten Earth masses. However, rapid radial migration due to disk-planet interaction prevents…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-24 Hiroshi Kobayashi , Hidekazu Tanaka

We have investigated the problem of the distribution of both masses and orbital radii of planets resulting from the gas-accretion, gas-capture model. First we followed the evolution of gas and solids from the moment where all solids are in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Kacper Kornet , Sebastian Wolf

There are two planetary formation scenarios: core accretion and gravitational disk instability. Based on the fact that gaseous objects are preferentially observed around metal-rich host stars, most extra-solar gaseous objects discovered to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-08 Shohei Goda , Taro Matsuo

Extrasolar planet surveys have begun to detect gas giant planets in orbit around M dwarf stars. While the frequency of gas giant planets around M dwarfs so far appears to be lower than that around G dwarfs, it is clearly not zero. Previous…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Alan P. Boss

The occurrence rate of cold Jupiters was found to depend on stellar mass. The formation environment in the protoplanetary disks regulates core formation and the subsequent gas accretion. In this study, we simulate giant planet formation via…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-27 Sho Shibata , Ravit Helled

With approximately one ninth of Earth's mass, Mars is widely considered to be a stranded planetary embryo that never became a fully-grown planet. A currently popular planet formation theory predicts that Mars formed near Earth and Venus and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-03 R. Brasser , S. J. Mojzsis , S. Matsumura , S. Ida

Recent discoveries of extrasolar planets at small orbital radii, or with significant eccentricities, indicate that interactions between massive planets and the disks of gas and dust from which they formed are vital for determining the final…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Philip J. Armitage , Brad M. S. Hansen

Chaotic dynamics are expected during and after planet formation, and a leading mechanism to explain large eccentricities of gas giant exoplanets is planet-planet gravitational scattering. The same scattering has been invoked to explain…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-09-07 Pierre Gratia , Daniel Fabrycky

The trans-Neptunian scattered disk exhibits unexpected dynamical structure, ranging from an extended dispersion of perihelion distance to a clustered distribution in orbital angles. Self-gravitational modulation of the scattered disk has…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-04 Arnav Das , Konstantin Batygin

Recent observations have indicated a strong connection between compact ($a \lesssim 0.5$ au) super-Earth and mini-Neptune systems and their outer ($a \gtrsim$ a few au) giant planet companions. We study the dynamical evolution of such inner…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-22 Bonan Pu , Dong Lai

The formation of planetary cores must proceed rapidly in order for the giant planets to accrete their gaseous envelopes before the dissipation of the protoplanetary gas disc (<3 Myr). In orbits beyond 10 AU, direct accumulation of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-05 Michiel Lambrechts , Anders Johansen

I examine the standard model of planet formation, including pebble accretion, using numerical simulations. Planetary embryos large enough to become giant planets do not form beyond the ice line within a typical disk lifetime unless icy…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-06 J. E. Chambers

Disks of bodies orbiting a much more massive central object are extremely common in astrophysics. When the orbits comprising such disks are eccentric, we show they are susceptible to a new dynamical instability. Gravitational forces between…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-03 Ann-Marie Madigan , Michael McCourt