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In applications where categorical labels follow a natural hierarchy, classification methods that exploit the label structure often outperform those that do not. Un-fortunately, the majority of classification datasets do not come…

Practitioners from many disciplines (e.g., political science) use expert-crafted taxonomies to make sense of large, unlabeled corpora. In this work, we study Seeded Hierarchical Clustering (SHC): the task of automatically fitting unlabeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Anish Saha , Amith Ananthram , Emily Allaway , Heng Ji , Kathleen McKeown

The hierarchical structure inherent in many real-world datasets makes the modeling of such hierarchies a crucial objective in both unsupervised and supervised machine learning. While recent advancements have introduced deep architectures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Emanuele Palumbo , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Alain Ryser , Imant Daunhawer , Julia E. Vogt

Hierarchical open-set classification handles previously unseen classes by assigning them to the most appropriate high-level category in a class taxonomy. We extend this paradigm to the semi-supervised setting, enabling the use of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Erik Wallin , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Taxonomy is a hierarchically structured knowledge graph that plays a crucial role in machine intelligence. The taxonomy expansion task aims to find a position for a new term in an existing taxonomy to capture the emerging knowledge in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Suyuchen Wang , Ruihui Zhao , Xi Chen , Yefeng Zheng , Bang Liu

In hierarchical text classification, we perform a sequence of inference steps to predict the category of a document from top to bottom of a given class taxonomy. Most of the studies have focused on developing novels neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Kervy Rivas Rojas , Gina Bustamante , Arturo Oncevay , Marco A. Sobrevilla Cabezudo

Real-world vision based applications require fine-grained classification for various area of interest like e-commerce, mobile applications, warehouse management, etc. where reducing the severity of mistakes and improving the classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Sudeep Kumar Sahoo , Sathish Chalasani , Abhishek Joshi , Kiran Nanjunda Iyer

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is the task of assigning labels to a text within a structured space organized as a hierarchy. Recent works treat HTC as a conventional multilabel classification problem, therefore evaluating it as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Roman Plaud , Matthieu Labeau , Antoine Saillenfest , Thomas Bonald

Hierarchical Instruction Following (HIF) refers to the problem of prompting large language models with a priority-ordered stack of instructions. Standard methods like RLHF and DPO typically fail in this problem since they mainly optimize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Keru Chen , Jun Luo , Sen Lin , Yingbin Liang , Alvaro Velasquez , Nathaniel Bastian , Shaofeng Zou

Information retrieval is a core component of many intelligent systems as it enables conditioning of outputs on new and large-scale datasets. While effective, the standard practice of encoding data into high-dimensional representations for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Shubham Gupta , Zichao Li , Tianyi Chen , Cem Subakan , Siva Reddy , Perouz Taslakian , Valentina Zantedeschi

Tool learning aims to extend the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) with external tools. A major challenge in tool learning is how to support a large number of tools, including unseen tools. To address this challenge, previous…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yuanhang Zheng , Peng Li , Wei Liu , Yang Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang

We propose a hierarchical architecture for efficiently computing high-quality solutions to structured mixed-integer programs (MIPs). To reduce computational effort, our approach decouples the original problem into a higher level problem and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Stefan Clarke , Bartolomeo Stellato

Traditional classifiers treat all labels as mutually independent, thereby considering all negative classes to be equally incorrect. This approach fails severely in many real-world scenarios, where a known semantic hierarchy defines a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Depanshu Sani , Saket Anand

We investigate the problem of reducing mistake severity for fine-grained classification. Fine-grained classification can be challenging, mainly due to the requirement of domain expertise for accurate annotation. However, humans are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Kanishk Jain , Shyamgopal Karthik , Vineet Gandhi

We consider the problem of unsupervised skill segmentation and hierarchical structure discovery in reinforcement learning. While recent approaches have sought to segment trajectories into reusable skills or options, most rely on action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Damion Harvey , Geraud Nangue Tasse , Benjamin Rosman , Branden Ingram , Steven James

Semi-supervised learning approaches have emerged as an active area of research to combat the challenge of obtaining large amounts of annotated data. Towards the goal of improving the performance of semi-supervised learning methods, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Ashima Garg , Shaurya Bagga , Yashvardhan Singh , Saket Anand

Online educational platforms organize academic questions based on a hierarchical learning taxonomy (subject-chapter-topic). Automatically tagging new questions with existing taxonomy will help organize these questions into different classes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Venktesh V , Mukesh Mohania , Vikram Goyal

Supervision for metric learning has long been given in the form of equivalence between human-labeled classes. Although this type of supervision has been a basis of metric learning for decades, we argue that it hinders further advances in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Sungyeon Kim , Boseung Jeong , Suha Kwak

We investigate the scalable image classification problem with a large number of categories. Hierarchical visual data structures are helpful for improving the efficiency and performance of large-scale multi-class classification. We propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Yanyun Qu , Li Lin , Fumin Shen , Chang Lu , Yang Wu , Yuan Xie , Dacheng Tao

Regression tasks in computer vision, such as age estimation or counting, are often formulated into classification by quantizing the target space into classes. Yet real-world data is often imbalanced -- the majority of training samples lie…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Haipeng Xiong , Angela Yao