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The reliance on distributed renewable energy has increased recently. As a result, power electronic-based distributed generators replaced synchronous generators which led to a change in the dynamic characteristics of the microgrid. Most…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Waleed Breesam , Rezvan Alamian , Nima Tashakor , Brahim Elkhalil Youcefa , Stefan M. Goetz

With the phenomenal growth in renewable energy generation, the conventional synchronous generator-based power plants are gradually getting replaced by renewable energy sources-based microgrids. Such transition gives rise to the challenges…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Arghya Mallick , Abhishek Mishra , Ashish R. Hota , Prabodh Bajpai

In this paper, we present a model-based frequency controller for microgrids with nonzero line resistances based on a port-Hamiltonian formulation of the microgrid model and real-time dynamic pricing. The controller is applicable for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-09 Lukas Kölsch , Manuel Dupuis , Kirtan Bhatt , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

This paper proposes a service restoration model for unbalanced distribution systems and inverter-dominated microgrids (MGs), in which frequency dynamics constraints are developed to optimize the amount of load restoration and guarantee the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-11 Qianzhi Zhang , Zixiao Ma , Yongli Zhu , Zhaoyu Wang

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of power systems considering a network-preserving model with nonlinear power flows and excitation voltage dynamics. Salient features of the proposed distributed control strategy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , John Z. F. Pang , Steven Low , Shengwei Mei

We propose a framework to engineer synthetic-inertia and droop-control parameters for distributed energy resources (DERs) so that the system frequency in a network composed of DERs and synchronous generators conforms to prescribed transient…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Swaroop S. Guggilam , Changhong Zhao , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Yu Christine Chen , Sairaj V. Dhople

In this paper, we compare the transient performance of a multi-terminal high-voltage DC (MTDC) grid equipped with a slack bus for voltage control to that of two distributed control schemes: a standard droop controller and a distributed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-03-06 Martin Andreasson , Emma Tegling , Henrik Sandberg , Karl H. Johansson

In this paper we study theoretical properties of inverter-based microgrids controlled via primary and secondary loops. Stability of these microgrids has been the subject of a number of recent studies. Conventional approaches based on…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Rahmat Heidari , Maria Seron , Julio Braslavsky

Frequency restoration in power systems is conventionally performed by broadcasting a centralized signal to local controllers. As a result of the energy transition, technological advances, and the scientific interest in distributed control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Erieke Weitenberg , Yan Jiang , Changhong Zhao , Enrique Mallada , Claudio De Persis , Florian Dörfler

We study the control of networked systems with the goal of optimizing both transient and steady-state performances while providing stability guarantees. Linear proportional-integral (PI) controllers are almost always used in practice, but…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-01 Wenqi Cui , Yan Jiang , Baosen Zhang , Yuanyuan Shi

Autonomous droop control PV inverters have improved voltage regulation compared to the inverters without grid support functions, but more flexible control techniques will be required as the number of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-24 Peter Lusis , Lachlan L. H. Andrew , Ariel Liebman , Guido Tack

Grid-connected power converters encounter significant stability challenges during weak grid faults, when conventional PI-based controllers exhibit an oscillatory response and poor fault-ride-through performance. This paper addresses this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 Ivo Kraayeveld , Thomas de Jong , Mircea Lazar

Modeled after the hierarchical control architecture of power transmission systems, a layering of primary, secondary, and tertiary control has become the standard operation paradigm for islanded microgrids. Despite this superficial…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-21 Florian Dörfler , John Simpson-Porco , Francesco Bullo

Modern low-carbon power systems come with many challenges, such as increased inverter penetration and increased uncertainty from renewable sources and loads. In this context, the microgrid concept is a promising approach, which is based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 E. D. Gomez Anccas , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz

This paper investigates the frequency control of multi-machine power systems subject to uncertain and dynamic net loads. We propose distributed internal model controllers that coordinate synchronous generators and demand response to tackle…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hunmin Kim , Minghui Zhu , Jianming Lian

Proper modeling of inverter-based microgrids is crucial for accurate assessment of stability boundaries. It has been recently realized that the stability conditions for such microgrids are significantly different from those known for large-…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Petr Vorobev , Po-Hsu Huang , Mohamed Al Hosani , James L. Kirtley , Konstantin Turitsyn

In this paper, we present distributed controllers for sharing primary and secondary frequency control reserves for asynchronous AC transmission systems, which are connected through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-17 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

This paper studies a basic model of a dynamical distribution network, where the network topology is given by a directed graph with storage variables corresponding to the vertices and flow inputs corresponding to the edges. We aim at…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-11-13 Jieqiang Wei , Arjan J. van der Schaft

As the energy transition transforms power grids across the globe, it poses several challenges regarding grid design and control. In particular, high levels of intermittent renewable generation complicate the task of continuously balancing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Randall Martyr , Benjamin Schaefer , Christian Beck , Vito Latora

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of multi-area power system with operational constraints, including the regulation capacity of individual control area and the power limits on tie-lines. Both generators and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , Steven H. Low , Changhong Zhao , Shengwei Mei