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A bijective map $r: X^2 \longrightarrow X^2$, where $X = \{x_1, ..., x_n \}$ is a finite set, is called a \emph{set-theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation} (YBE) if the braid relation $r_{12}r_{23}r_{12} = r_{23}r_{12}r_{23}$ holds…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2015-06-26 Tatiana Gateva-Ivanova

Given a left brace $G$, a method to construct all the involutive, non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions $(Y,s)$ of the YBE, such that $\mathcal{G}(Y,s)\cong G$ is given. This method depends entirely on the brace structure of $G$.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-11 David Bachiller , Ferran Cedo , Eric Jespers

A new class of indecomposable, irretractable, involutive, non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions of the Yang--Baxter equation is constructed. This class complements the class of such solutions constructed in \cite{CO22} and together they…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Ferran Cedo , Jan Okninski

It is shown that over an arbitrary field there exists a nil algebra $R$ whose adjoint group $R^{o}$ is not an Engel group. This answers a question by Amberg and Sysak from 1997 [5] and answers related questions from [3, 44]. The case of an…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2017-04-13 Agata Smoktunowicz

In this paper we present a characterization of finite simple involutive non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation by means of left braces and we provide some significant examples.

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2022-04-01 Marco Castelli

Involutive non-degenerate set theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation are considered, with a focus on finite solutions. A rich class of indecomposable and irretractable solutions is determined and necessary and sufficient conditions…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2021-12-15 Ferran Cedó , Jan Okniński

A finite non-degenerate set-theoretic solution $(X,r)$ of the Yang-Baxter equation gives rise to a structure skew brace $B(X,r)$ that is a $\lambda_f$-skew brace, i.e. every element has finitely many $\lambda$-images, and whose additive…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-09 Rosa Cascella , Silvia Properzi , Arne Van Antwerpen

In analogy with non-degenerate involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation and braces, we define non-degenerate involutive partial set-theoretic solutions and partial braces. We define the structure group and the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-20 Fabienne Chouraqui

The problem of constructing all the non-degenerate involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation recently has been reduced to the problem of describing all the left braces. In particular, the classification of all finite…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2017-05-25 David Bachiller , Ferran Cedó , Eric Jespers , Jan Okniński

We study simple set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation that are finite and non-degenerate. Such retractable solutions are fully described and to investigate the irretracble solutions we give a new algebraic method. Our approach…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Ilaria Colazzo , Eric Jespers , Łukasz Kubat , Arne Van Antwerpen

For a finite involutive non-degenerate solution $(X,r)$ of the Yang--Baxter equation it is known that the structure monoid $M(X,r)$ is a monoid of I-type, and the structure algebra $K[M(X,r)]$ over a field $K$ share many properties with…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2019-11-20 Eric Jespers , Łukasz Kubat , Arne Van Antwerpen

In this paper, we provide techniques to obtain left non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, drawing on the class of right groups. To this end, we introduce the new algebraic structures of left $RG$-semibraces,…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Andrea Albano , Alberto Facchini , Marzia Mazzotta , Paola Stefanelli

We study the Yang-Baxter algebras $A(K,X,r)$ associated to finite set-theoretic solutions $(X,r)$ of the braid relations. We introduce an equivalent set of quadratic relations $\Re\subseteq G$, where $G$ is the reduced Gr\"obner basis of…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-09-06 Tatiana Gateva-Ivanova , Shahn Majid

We introduce a novel algebraic structure called di-skew brace by which we show that generalized digroups systematically yield bijective, non-degenerate solutions to the set-theoretic Yang-Baxter equation. We study the structural properties…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2026-01-08 Andrea Albano , Paola Stefanelli

In the first part, we focus on indecomposable involutive solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation whose permutation group forces them to be uniconnected. Indecomposable involutive solutions with a permutation group isomorphic to a dihedral…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2023-06-16 Marco Castelli , Santiago Ramírez

We connect properties of set-theoretic solutions to the Yang--Baxter equation to properties of their permutation skew brace. In particular, a variation of the multipermutation level of a solution is presented and we show that it coincides…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2023-05-05 Marco Castelli , Senne Trappeniers

Using Bieberbach groups we study multipermutation involutive solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation. We use a linear representation of the structure group of an involutive solution to study the unique product property in such groups. An…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2020-03-11 E. Acri , R. Lutowski , L. Vendramin

We study finite set-theoretic solutions $(X,r)$ of the Yang-Baxter equation of square-free multipermutation type. We show that each such solution over $\C$ with multipermutation level two can be put in diagonal form with the associated…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2008-06-23 Tatiana Gateva-Ivanova , Shahn Majid

Quadratic algebras related to some classes of finite left non-degenerate solutions (X,r) of the Yang--Baxter equation have been intensively studied since they are the associative ring-theoretical tool to study solutions. These are the…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2025-10-13 Ilaria Colazzo , Eric Jespers , Łukasz Kubat , Arne Van Antwerpen

To determine and analyze arbitrary left non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation (not necessarily bijective), we introduce an associative algebraic structure, called a YB-semitruss, that forms a subclass of the…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2022-09-07 Ilaria Colazzo , Eric Jespers , Arne Van Antwerpen , Charlotte Verwimp