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Accurate and computationally light algorithms for estimating the State of Charge (SoC) of a battery's cells are crucial for effective battery management on embedded systems. In this letter, we propose an Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-09 António Barros , Edoardo Peretti , Davide Fabroni , Diego Carrera , Pasqualina Fragneto , Giacomo Boracchi

This paper presents findings on dynamic cell modeling for state-of-charge (SOC) estimation in an autonomous electric vehicle (AEV). The studied cells are Lithium-Ion Polymer-based with a nominal capacity of around 8Ah, optimized for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Qasim Ajao , Lanre Sadeeq

This paper addresses the estimation of the State Of Charge (SOC) of lithium-ion cells via the combination of two widely used paradigms: Kalman Filters (KFs) equipped with Equivalent Circuit Models (ECMs) and machine-learning approaches. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-07 Davide Previtali , Daniele Masti , Mirko Mazzoleni , Fabio Previdi

Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is essential for optimizing battery performance, ensuring safety, and maximizing economic value. Conventional current and voltage measurements, however, have inherent limitations in fully inferring…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Xiaolei Bian , Changfu Zou , Björn Fridholm , Christian Sundvall , Torsten Wik

This manuscript presents an algorithm for individual Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell state of charge (SOC) estimation in a large-scale battery pack under minimal sensing, where only pack-level voltage and current are measured. For battery…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-20 Dong Zhang , Luis D. Couto , Ross Drummond , Shashank Sripad , Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan

In order to accurately estimate the SOC and SOH of a lithium-ion battery used in an electric vehicle (EV), we propose an Adaptive Diagonal Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Square (ADFF-RLS) for accurate battery parameter estimation.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-24 Kwangrae Kim , Minho Kim , Suwon Kang , Jungwook Yu , Jungsoo Kim , Huiyong Chun , Soohee Han

Battery management is a critical component of ubiquitous battery-powered energy systems, in which battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimations are of crucial importance. Conventional SOC and SOH estimation methods,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-09 Shida Jiang , Junzhe Shi , Scott Moura

This manuscript presents an algorithm for individual Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell state of charge (SOC) estimation when multiple cells are connected in parallel, using only terminal voltage and total current measurements. For battery…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-11 Dong Zhang , Luis D. Couto , Sebastien Benjamin , Wente Zeng , Daniel F. Coutinho , Scott J. Moura

This paper addresses state of charge (SOC) estimation for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, where the relatively flat open-circuit voltage (OCV-SOC) characteristic reduces observability. A residual bias compensation dual extended…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-28 Feng Guo , Luis D. Couto , Khiem Trad , Guangdi Hu , Mohammadhosein Safari

Considering the expanding useofembedded devices equipped with rechargeable batteries, especially Li-ionbatteries that have higher power and energy density, the battery management systemis becomingincreasingly important. Infact,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Ines Baccouche , Sabeur Jemmali , Asma Mlayah , Bilal Manai , Najoua Essoukri Ben Amara

We proposed a new estimation algorithm of extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on improved Thevenin model; Experiments were carried out to verify the validity with seven 4Ah lithium cobalt acid batteries in series. The experimental results…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-09 Peng Li

This article presents a novel empirical study for the estimation of the State of Charge (SOC) of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery which uses a deep learning model with three hidden layers. We model a series of ten vehicle drive cycles that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-20 Alexandre Barbosa de Lima , Maurício B. C. Salles , José Roberto Cardoso

Being able to predict battery internal states that are related to battery degradation is a key aspect to improve battery lifetime and performance, enhancing cleaner electric transportation and energy generation. However, most present…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Iker Lopetegi , Sergio Fernandez , Gregory L. Plett , M. Scott Trimboli , Unai Iraola

This paper investigates the observability of one of the most commonly used equivalent circuit models (ECMs) for lithium-ion batteries and presents a method to estimate the state of charge (SOC) in the presence of sensor biases, highlighting…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-05-05 Shi Zhao , Stephen R. Duncan , David A. Howey

Several electrochemical and electrical energy storage devices are reported every day, with the claim of outperforming the established ones. The use of newer materials and recent advanced techniques to synthesize and/or assemble them into a…

Estimating cell-to-cell variation (CtCV) and state of health (SoH) for battery modules composed of parallel-connected cells is challenging when only module-level signals are measurable and individual cell behaviors remain unobserved.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-24 Qinan Zhou , Jing Sun

Accurate and stable state estimation is critical for battery management. Although dual Kalman filtering can jointly estimate states and parameters, the strong coupling between filters may cause divergence under large initialization errors…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-09 Feng Guo , Guangdi Hu , Keyi Liao , Luis D. Couto , Khiem Trad , Ru Hong , Hamid Hamed , Mohammadhosein Safari

The state of charge (SoC) and the rate of charging/discharging current are the vital parameters associated with a battery by which its accurate runtime can be estimated. This paper aims to design a controller which comprises of a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-26 P. Dinesh , K. Kumar Teja , Shashank Singh , Selvan M. P. , Moorthi S

Electric Vehicle (EV) fleets have dramatically expanded over the past several years. There has been significant increase in interest to electrify all modes of transportation. EVs are primarily powered by Energy Storage Systems such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Aniruddh Herle , Janamejaya Channegowda , Dinakar Prabhu

Accurate prediction of the state-of-health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is essential for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficient operation of electric vehicles (EVs). Battery packs in EVs experience nonuniform degradation due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-17 Minsu Kim , Jaehyun Oh , Sang-Young Lee , Junghwan Kim
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