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The laws of quantum mechanics allow for the distribution of a secret random key between two parties. Here we analyse the security of a protocol for establishing a common secret key between N parties (i.e. a conference key), using resource…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-13 Michael Epping , Hermann Kampermann , Chiara Macchiavello , Dagmar Bruß

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two spatially separated parties to securely generate a cryptographic key. The first QKD protocol, published by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard in 1984 (BB84), describes how this is achieved by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-13 Olli Ahonen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols aim at allowing two parties to generate a secret shared key. While many QKD protocols have been proven unconditionally secure in theory, practical security analyses of experimental QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-04 Michel Boyer , Gilles Brassard , Nicolas Godbout , Rotem Liss , Stéphane Virally

Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD schemes are developed. In early years, the security of QKD protocols is depend on switching different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Hao Shu

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has come into the limelight due to the exceptional computational abilities of quantum computers. With the promises of near error-free quantum computers in the not-so-distant future, it is important that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-26 Jishnu Mahmud , Raisa Mashtura , Shaikh Anowarul Fattah , Mohammad Saquib

The aura of mystery surrounding quantum physics makes it difficult to advance quantum technologies. Demystification requires methodological techniques that explain the basics of quantum technologies without metaphors and abstract…

Popular Physics · Physics 2021-05-05 L. I. Stefanenko , A. G. Sergeev , Y. V. Kurochkin , V. E. Rodimin

We present "Diagrams of States", a way to graphically represent and analyze how quantum information is elaborated during the execution of quantum circuits. This introductory tutorial illustrates the basics, providing useful examples of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-20 Sara Felloni , Alberto Leporati , Giuliano Strini

Quantum state transfer protocols are a major toolkit in many quantum information processing tasks, from quantum key distribution to quantum computation. To assess performance of a such a protocol, one often relies on the average fidelity…

We present two efficient quantum key distribution schemes over two different collective-noise channels. The accepted hypothesis of collective noise is that photons travel inside a time window small compared to the variation of noise.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Xi-Han Li , Fu-Guo Deng , Hong-Yu Zhou

Quantum entanglement remains a challenging concept to teach and visualise due to its microscopic and non-classical nature. We present innovative educational demonstration material consisting of electronic dice that simulate the properties…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-12-23 B. Folkers , A. van Rossum , A. Brinkman , H. K. E. Stadermann

A conception of virtual quantum information bit - virtual qubit - is introduced. It is shown by means of virtual qubit representation that four states of a single quantum particle is enough for implementation of full set of the gates, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Alexander R. Kessel , Vladimir L. Ermakov

Semiconductor nano-crystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), have attracted significant attention for their unique fluorescence properties. Under continuous excitation, QDs emit photons with intricate intensity fluctuation: the intensity of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-04-28 Xin Yang , Hawi Nyiera , Yonglei Sun , Jing Zhao , Kun Chen

Quantum federated learning (QFL) is an emerging field that has the potential to revolutionize computation by taking advantage of quantum physics concepts in a distributed machine learning (ML) environment. However, the majority of available…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Ratun Rahman , Atit Pokharel , Md Raihan Uddin , Dinh C. Nguyen

A well-known feature of quantum mechanics is the secure exchange of secret bit strings which can then be used as keys to encrypt messages transmitted over any classical communication channel. It is demonstrated that this quantum key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-10 Gerd Niestegge

The problem of security of quantum key protocols is examined. In addition to the distribution of classical keys, the problem of encrypting quantum data and the structure of the operators which perform quantum encryption is studied. It is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 P. Oscar Boykin

Quantum key distribution (QKD) refers to specific quantum strategies which permit the secure distribution of a secret key between two parties that wish to communicate secretly. Quantum cryptography has proven unconditionally secure in ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-14 C. Rodó , O. Romero-Isart , K. Eckert , A. Sanpera

After analysing the main quantum secret sharing protocol based on the entanglement states, we propose an idea to directly encode the qubit of quantum key distributions, and then present a quantum secret sharing scheme where only product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Guo-Ping Guo , Guang-Can Guo

We present a simple, accessible, yet rigorous outreach/educational program focused on quantum information science and technology for high-school and early undergraduate students. This program allows students to perform meaningful hands-on…

Physics Education · Physics 2020-08-11 Sophia E. Economou , Terry Rudolph , Edwin Barnes

Secret sharing is a multiparty cryptographic task in which some secret information is splitted into several pieces which are distributed among the participants such that only an authorized set of participants can reconstruct the original…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 S. Gaertner , C. Kurtsiefer , M. Bourennane , H. Weinfurter

Secret sharing allows three or more parties to share secret information which can only be decrypted through collaboration. It complements quantum key distribution as a valuable resource for securely distributing information. Here we take…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-16 Michael de Oliveira , Isaac Nape , Jonathan Pinnell , Najmeh TabeBordbar , Andrew Forbes