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Call a colouring of a graph \emph{distinguishing} if the only automorphism of this graph which preserves said colouring is the identity. Let $H$ be an arbitrary graph. We say that a graph $G$ is \emph{$H$-free} if $G$ does not contain an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-25 Marcin Stawiski

A total $k$-coloring of a graph $G$ is a coloring of $V(G)\cup E(G)$ using $k$ colors such that no two adjacent or incident elements receive the same color. The total chromatic number $\chi"(G)$ of $G$ is the smallest integer $k$ such that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-28 Fan Yang , Jianliang Wu

In a graph whose edges are colored, a parity walk is a walk that uses each color an even number of times. The parity edge chromatic number p(G) of a graph G is the least k so that there is a coloring of E(G) using k colors that does not…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 David P. Bunde , Kevin Milans , Douglas B. West , Hehui Wu

Proper conflict-free coloring is an intermediate notion between proper coloring of a graph and proper coloring of its square. It is a proper coloring such that for every non-isolated vertex, there exists a color appearing exactly once in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-16 Chun-Hung Liu

This paper introduces the Two-Class ($r$,$k$)-Coloring problem: Given a fixed number of $k$ colors, such that only $r$ of these $k$ colors allow conflicts, what is the minimal number of conflicts incurred by an optimal coloring of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Pál András Papp , Roland Schmid , Valentin Stoppiello , Roger Wattenhofer

A graph $G$ is $k$-vertex-critical if $G$ has chromatic number $k$ but every proper induced subgraph of $G$ has chromatic number less than $k$. The study of $k$-vertex-critical graphs for graph classes is an important topic in algorithmic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-21 Qingqiong Cai , Jan Goedgebeur , Shenwei Huang

A proper coloring $\phi$ of $G$ is called a proper conflict-free coloring of $G$ if for every non-isolated vertex $v$ of $G$, there is a color $c$ such that $|\phi^{-1}(c)\cap N_G(v)|=1$. As an analogy of degree-choosability of graphs, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-22 Masaki Kashima , Riste Škrekovski , Rongxing Xu

A path in an edge-colored graph is rainbow if no two edges of it are colored the same, and the graph is rainbow-connected if there is a rainbow path between each pair of its vertices. The minimum number of colors needed to rainbow-connect a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-12 L. Sunil Chandran , Davis Issac , Juho Lauri , Erik Jan van Leeuwen

A total $k$-coloring of a graph is an assignment of $k$ colors to its vertices and edges such that no two adjacent or incident elements receive the same color. The Total Coloring Conjecture (TCC) states that every simple graph $G$ has a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-12-04 Enqiang Zhu , Chanjuan Liu , Yongsheng Rao

A vertex-colored graph $G$ is said to be rainbow vertex-connected if every two vertices of $G$ are connected by a path whose internal vertices have distinct colors, such a path is called a rainbow path. The rainbow vertex-connection number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-01-10 Xueliang Li , Yaping Mao , Yongtang Shi

Let $r,\ell\geq2$ be integers. Given $r$-graphs $G$ and $F_1,\dots,F_\ell$, we write $G\to(F_1,\dots,F_\ell)$ if every $\ell$-edge-coloring of $G$ yields a monochromatic copy of $F_i$ in the $i$th color for some $1\leq i\leq\ell$, otherwise…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Vladimir Sviridenkov

One method to obtain a proper vertex coloring of graphs using a reasonable number of colors is to start from any arbitrary proper coloring and then repeat some local re-coloring techniques to reduce the number of color classes. The Grundy…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Manouchehr Zaker

Let $G$ be a connected graph of chromatic number $k$. For a $k$-coloring $f$ of $G$, a full $f$-rainbow path is a path of order $k$ in $G$ whose vertices are all colored differently by $f$. We show that $G$ has a $k$-coloring $f$ such that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-02 Oliver Bendele , Dieter Rautenbach

The distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the smallest number of colors that is needed to color $G$ such that the only color preserving automorphism is the identity. We give a complete classification for all connected graphs $G$ of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-19 Svenja Hüning , Wilfried Imrich , Judith Kloas , Hannah Schreiber , Thomas Tucker

Given a graph $F$ and an integer $r \ge 2$, a partition $\widehat{F}$ of the edge set of $F$ into at most $r$ classes, and a graph $G$, define $c_{r, \widehat{F}}(G)$ as the number of $r$-colorings of the edges of $G$ that do not contain a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-30 Fabricio S. Benevides , Carlos Hoppen , Rudini Menezes Sampaio

We investigate the relationship between two kinds of vertex colorings of graphs: unique-maximum colorings and conflict-free colorings. In a unique-maximum coloring, the colors are ordered, and in every path of the graph the maximum color…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-12-17 Panagiotis Cheilaris , Geza Toth

An edge-colored graph $G$ is rainbow connected if any two vertices are connected by a path whose edges have distinct colors. The rainbow connection number of a connected graph $G$, denoted $rc(G)$, is the smallest number of colors that are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-12-05 Arash Ahadi , Ali Dehghan

Let $k$ be an positive integer. For any two integers $i$ and $j$ in $\{0,1,\dots,k-1\}$, let $|i-j|_k=\min\{|i-j|,k-|i-j|\}$ be the circular distance between $i$ and $j$. Let $t$ be a nonnegative integer. Suppose $f$ is a mapping from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-17 Dan He , Wensong Lin

A fractional coloring of a signed graph $(G, {\sigma})$ is an assignment of nonnegative weights to the balanced sets (sets which do not induce a negative cycle) such that each vertex has an accumulated weight of at least 1. The minimum…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-23 Reza Naserasr , Lan Anh Pham , Cyril Pujol , Huan Zhou

We prove that for any graph $G$, the total chromatic number of $G$ is at most $\Delta(G)+2\left\lceil \frac{|V(G)|}{\Delta(G)+1} \right\rceil$. This saves one color in comparison with a result of Hind from 1992. In particular, our result…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Aseem Dalal , Jessica McDonald , Songling Shan