Related papers: On-chip error counting for hybrid metallic single-…
Electron counting experiments attempt to provide a current of a known number of electrons per unit time. We propose architectures utilizing a few readily available electron-pumps or turnstiles with the typical error rates of 100 ppm with…
Accuracy of single-electron currents produced in hybrid turnstiles at high operation frequencies is, among other errors, limited by electrons tunnelling in the wrong direction. Increasing the barrier transparency between the island and the…
We report electron counting experiments in a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dot architecture which has been previously demonstrated to generate a quantized current in excess of 80 pA with uncertainty below 30 parts per million.…
Electron counting experiments attempt to provide a current of a known number of electrons per unit time. We propose architectures utilizing a few readily available electron-pumps or turnstiles with modest error rates of 1 part per $10^4$…
In this Letter, we present a theoretical analysis to single-electron pumping operation in a large range of driving frequencies through the time-dependent tunneling barriers controlled by external gate voltages. We show that the…
Single-electron pumps based on semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for the emerging quantum standard of electrical current. They can transfer discrete charges with part-per-million (ppm) precision in nanosecond time scales.…
We present simultaneous operation of ten single-electron turnstiles leading to one order of magnitude increase in current level up to 100 pA. Our analysis of device uniformity and background charge stability implies that the parallelization…
We present an experimental study of hybrid turnstiles with high charging energies in comparison to the superconducting gap. The device is modeled with the sequential tunneling approximation. The backtunneling effect is shown to limit the…
We have investigated the static, charge-trapping properties of a hybrid superconductor---normal metal electron turnstile embedded into a high-ohmic environment. The device includes a local Cr resistor on one side of the turnstile, and a…
We demonstrate shadow evaporation-based fabrication of high-quality ultrasmall normal metal -- insulator -- superconductor tunnel junctions where the thickness of the superconducting electrode is not limited by the requirement of small…
We use time-resolved charge detection techniques to investigate single-electron tunneling in semiconductor quantum dots. The ability to detect individual charges in real-time makes it possible to count electrons one-by-one as they pass…
We report measurements of charge configurations and charge transfer dynamics in a hybrid single-electron box composed of aluminum and copper. We used two single-electron transistors (SETs) to simultaneously read out different parts of the…
We measure the average number of electrons loaded into an electrostatically-defined quantum dot (QD) operated as a tunable-barrier electron pump, using a point-contact (PC) charge sensor 1 micron away from the QD. The measurement of the…
We present measurements on hybrid single-electron turnstiles with superconducting leads contacting a normal island (SINIS). We observe Andreev tunneling of electrons influencing the current plateau characteristics of the turnstiles under…
The basis of synchronous manipulation of individual electrons in solid-state devices was laid by the rise of single-electronics about two decades ago. Ultra-small structures in a low temperature environment form an ideal domain of…
Nanoscale single-electron pumps can be used to generate accurate currents, and can potentially serve to realize a new standard of electrical current based on elementary charge. Here, we use a silicon-based quantum dot with tunable tunnel…
We discuss the operation of the superconductor - insulator - normal-metal - insulator - superconductor (SINIS) turnstile. This voltage-biased hybrid single-electron transistor (SET) provides current quantization even with only one…
The fact that electrical current is carried by individual charges has been known for over 100 years, yet this discreteness has not been directly observed so far. Almost all current measurements involve measuring the voltage drop across a…
We report on measurements of single electron tunneling through a quantum dot using a quantum point contact as non-invasive charge detector with fast time response. We elaborate on the unambiguous identification of individual tunneling…
Hybrid turnstiles have proven to generate accurate single-electron currents. The usual operation consists of applying a periodic modulation to a capacitively coupled gate electrode and requires a non-zero DC source-drain bias voltage. Under…