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This report serves two purposes: To introduce and validate the Execution-Cache-Memory (ECM) performance model and to provide a thorough analysis of current Intel processor architectures with a special emphasis on Intel Xeon Haswell-EP. The…
Hardware platforms in high performance computing are constantly getting more complex to handle even when considering multicore CPUs alone. Numerous features and configuration options in the hardware and the software environment that are…
This paper presents a survey of architectural features among four generations of Intel server processors (Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell, and Broad- well) with a focus on performance with floating point workloads. Starting on the core…
We present a performance model for bandwidth limited loop kernels which is founded on the analysis of modern cache based microarchitectures. This model allows an accurate performance prediction and evaluation for existing instruction codes.…
We investigate an approach that uses low-level analysis and the execution-cache-memory (ECM) performance model in combination with tuning of hardware parameters to lower energy requirements of memory-bound applications. The ECM model is…
Complex applications running on multicore processors show a rich performance phenomenology. The growing number of cores per ccNUMA domain complicates performance analysis of memory-bound code since system noise, load imbalance, or…
Edge computing has emerged as a pivotal technology, offering significant advantages such as low latency, enhanced data security, and reduced reliance on centralized cloud infrastructure. These benefits are crucial for applications requiring…
Stencil algorithms on regular lattices appear in many fields of computational science, and much effort has been put into optimized implementations. Such activities are usually not guided by performance models that provide estimates of…
The rapid development in scientific research provides a need for more compute power, which is partly being solved by GPUs. This paper presents a microarchitectural analysis of the modern NVIDIA Blackwell architecture by studying GPU…
Modern multicore chips show complex behavior with respect to performance and power. Starting with the Intel Sandy Bridge processor, it has become possible to directly measure the power dissipation of a CPU chip and correlate this data with…
This report focuses on the architecture and performance of the Intelligence Processing Unit (IPU), a novel, massively parallel platform recently introduced by Graphcore and aimed at Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML)…
The balance metric is a simple approach to estimate the performance of bandwidth-limited loop kernels. However, applying the method to in-cache situations and modern multi-core architectures yields unsatisfactory results. This paper…
As GPU architectures rapidly evolve to meet the growing demands of exascale computing and machine learning, the performance implications of architectural innovations remain poorly understood across diverse workloads. NVIDIA Blackwell (B200)…
Analytic performance models are essential for understanding the performance characteristics of loop kernels, which consume a major part of CPU cycles in computational science. Starting from a validated performance model one can infer the…
We present nanoBench, a tool for evaluating small microbenchmarks using hardware performance counters on Intel and AMD x86 systems. Most existing tools and libraries are intended to either benchmark entire programs, or program segments in…
This paper presents refinements to the execution-cache-memory performance model and a previously published power model for multicore processors. The combination of both enables a very accurate prediction of performance and energy…
The rise of IoT has increased the need for on-edge machine learning, with TinyML emerging as a promising solution for resource-constrained devices such as MCU. However, evaluating their performance remains challenging due to diverse…
Hardware performance monitoring (HPM) is a crucial ingredient of performance analysis tools. While there are interfaces like LIKWID, PAPI or the kernel interface perf\_event which provide HPM access with some additional features, many…
Modern microarchitectures are some of the world's most complex man-made systems. As a consequence, it is increasingly difficult to predict, explain, let alone optimize the performance of software running on such microarchitectures. As a…
The A64FX CPU powers the current number one supercomputer on the Top500 list. Although it is a traditional cache-based multicore processor, its peak performance and memory bandwidth rival accelerator devices. Generating efficient code for…