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In this work we study the interleaving distance between merge trees from a combinatorial point of view. We use a particular type of matching between trees to obtain a novel formulation of the distance. With such formulation, we tackle the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-11 Matteo Pegoraro

A feature common to many models of vegetation pattern formation in semi-arid ecosystems is a sequence of qualitatively different patterned states, "gaps -> labyrinth -> spots", that occurs as a parameter representing precipitation…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2014-10-10 Karna Gowda , Hermann Riecke , Mary Silber

We describe a combinatorial approach for investigating properties of rational numbers. The overall approach rests on structural bijections between rational numbers and familiar combinatorial objects, namely rooted trees. We emphasize that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-01-13 Edinah K. Gnang , Chetan Tonde

Two words $p$ and $q$ are avoided by the same number of length-$n$ words, for all $n$, precisely when $p$ and $q$ have the same set of border lengths. Previous proofs of this theorem use generating functions but do not provide an explicit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-04 Julia Carrigan , Isaiah Hollars , Eric Rowland

We consider the avoidance of patterns in inversion sequences that relate sorting via sorting machines including data structures such as pop stacks and stacks. Such machines have been studied under a variety of additional constraints and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-12 Toufik Mansour , Howard Skogman , Rebecca Smith

Mesh patterns are a generalization of classical permutation patterns that encompass classical, bivincular, Bruhat-restricted patterns, and some barred patterns. In this paper, we describe all mesh patterns whose avoidance is coincident with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-08-28 Bridget Eileen Tenner

We initiate the study of limit shapes for random permutations avoiding a given pattern. Specifically, for patterns of length 3, we obtain delicate results on the asymptotics of distributions of positions of numbers in the permutations. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-12-02 Sam Miner , Igor Pak

We consider random binary trees that appear as the output of certain standard algorithms for sorting and searching if the input is random. We introduce the subtree size metric on search trees and show that the resulting metric spaces…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Rudolf Grübel

We introduce an algorithmic approach based on generating tree method for enumerating the inversion sequences with various pattern-avoidance restrictions. For a given set of patterns, we propose an algorithm that outputs either an accurate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-28 Toufik Mansour , Gökhan Yıldırım

We define a map between the set of permutations that avoid either the four patterns $3214,3241,4213,4231$ or $3124,3142,4123,4132$, and the set of Dyck prefixes. This map, when restricted to either of the two classes, turns out to be a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-10 Marilena Barnabei , Flavio Bonetti , Matteo Silimbani

A permutation $\pi$ is said to avoid a chain $(\sigma:\tau)$ of patterns if $\pi$ avoids $\sigma$ and $\pi^2$ avoids $\tau.$ In this paper, we define a notion of pattern avoidance for compositions of positive integers and use that idea to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Kassie Archer , Noel Bourne

In this paper, we characterize and enumerate pattern-avoiding permutations composed of only 3-cycles. In particular, we answer the question for the six patterns of length 3. We find that the number of permutations composed of $n$ 3-cycles…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-04-27 Kassie Archer , Christina Graves

We establish counting formulas and bijections for deformations of the braid arrangement. Precisely, we consider real hyperplane arrangements such that all the hyperplanes are of the form $x\_i-x\_j=s$ for some integer $s$. Classical…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-06-15 Olivier Bernardi

Tutte founded the theory of enumeration of planar maps in a series of papers in the 1960s. Rooted non-separable planar maps are in bijection with West-2-stack-sortable permutations, beta(1,0)-trees introduced by Cori, Jacquard and Schaeffer…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-12-20 Sergey Kitaev , Pavel Salimov , Christopher Severs , Henning Ulfarsson

Using the theory of Properly Embedded Graphs developed in an earlier work we define an involutory duality on the set labeled non-crossing trees that lifts the obvious duality in the set of unlabeled non-crossing trees. The set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-05 Nikos Apostolakis

In this paper, we consider the problem of avoiding a single vincular pattern of length three by derangements in the flattened sense and find explicit formulas for the generating functions enumerating members of each corresponding avoidance…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-22 Toufik Mansour , Mark Shattuck

We find generating functions for the number of words avoiding certain patterns or sets of patterns on at most 2 distinct letters and determine which of them are equally avoided. We also find the exact number of words avoiding certain…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Alexander Burstein , Toufik Mansour

Babson and Steingr\'{\i}msson introduced generalized permutation patterns that allow the requirement that two adjacent letters in a pattern must be adjacent in the permutation. We consider n-permutations that avoid the generalized pattern…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sergey Kitaev

We study approximation algorithms for the forest cover and bounded forest cover problems. A probabilistic $2+\epsilon$ approximation algorithm for the forest cover problem is given using the method of dual fitting. A deterministic algorithm…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Daya Ram Gaur , Barun Gorain , Shaswati Patra , Rishi Ranjan Singh

We call an interval $[x,y]$ in a poset {\em small} if $y$ is the join of some elements covering $x$. In this paper, we study the chains of paths from a given arbitrary (binary) path $P$ to the maximum path having only small intervals. More…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-26 I. Tasoulas , K. Manes , A. Sapounakis , P. Tsikouras