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In a misspecified social learning setting, agents are condescending if they perceive their peers as having private information that is of lower quality than it is in reality. Applying this to a standard sequential model, we show that…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-02-20 Itai Arieli , Yakov Babichenko , Stephan Müller , Farzad Pourbabaee , Omer Tamuz

Human social hierarchy has the unique characteristic of existing in two forms. Firstly, as an informal hierarchy where leaders and followers are implicitly defined by their personal characteristics, and secondly, as an institutional…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-07-04 Cedric Perret , Emma Hart , Simon T. Powers

Research in Cognitive Science suggests that humans understand and represent knowledge of the world through causal relationships. In addition to observations, they can rely on experimenting and counterfactual reasoning -- i.e. referring to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Kanvaly Fadiga , Etienne Houzé , Ada Diaconescu , Jean-Louis Dessalles

An analyst observes the frequency with which a decision maker (DM) takes actions, but not the frequency conditional on payoff-relevant states. We ask when the analyst can rationalize the DM's choices as if the DM first learns something…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-06-18 Laura Doval , Ran Eilat , Tianhao Liu , Yangfan Zhou

The process of diagnosis involves learning about the state of a system from various observations of symptoms or findings about the system. Sophisticated Bayesian (and other) algorithms have been developed to revise and maintain beliefs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Mark Alan Peot , Ross D. Shachter

We consider situations where consumers are aware that a statistical model determines the price of a product based on their observed behavior. Using a novel experiment varying the context similarity between participant data and a product, we…

General Economics · Economics 2024-11-14 Inácio Bó , Li Chen , Rustamdjan Hakimov

In this paper we investigate the effect of moral suasion on ingroup favouritism. We report a well-powered, pre-registered, two-stage 2x2 mixed-design experiment. In the first stage, groups are formed on the basis of how participants answer…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-03-02 Ennio Bilancini , Leonardo Boncinelli , Valerio Capraro , Tatiana Celadin , Roberto Di Paolo

Indirect reciprocity based on reputation is a leading mechanism driving human cooperation, where monitoring of behaviour and sharing reputation-related information are crucial. Because collecting information is costly, a tragedy of the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-10-07 Mitsuhiro Nakamura , Ulf Dieckmann

I study a repeated game in which a patient player (e.g., a seller) wants to win the trust of some myopic opponents (e.g., buyers) but can strictly benefit from betraying them. Her benefit from betrayal is strictly positive and is her…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-06-16 Harry Pei

In constructing an econometric or statistical model, we pick relevant features or variables from many candidates. A coalitional game is set up to study the selection problem where the players are the candidates and the payoff function is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-07 Xingwei Hu

Collective vigilance describes how animals in groups benefit from the predator detection efforts of others. Empirical observations typically find either a many-eyes strategy with all (or many) group members maintaining a low level of…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-25 Charlie Pilgrim , Andrew M Bate , Anna Sigalou , Mélisande Aellen , Joe Morford , Elizabeth Warren , Christopher Krupenye , Dora Biro , Richard P Mann

A large body of empirical evidence suggests that humans are willing to engage in costly punishment of defectors in public goods games. Based on such pieces of evidence, it is suggested that punishment serves an important role in promoting…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-01-25 Mohammad Salahshour

We consider the binary hypothesis testing problem with two observers. There are two possible states of nature (or hypotheses). Observations collected by the two observers are statistically related to the true state of nature. The knowledge…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Aneesh Raghavan , John S. Baras

Cooperative behavior lies at the very basis of human societies, yet its evolutionary origin remains a key unsolved puzzle. Whereas reciprocity or conditional cooperation is one of the most prominent mechanisms proposed to explain the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-03-22 Giulio Cimini , Angel Sánchez

The increasing prominence of Socially Responsible Consumers has brought about a heightened focus on the ethical, environmental, social, and ideological dimensions influencing product purchasing decisions. Despite this emphasis, studies have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Leif Azzopardi , Frans van de Sluis

Strong empirical evidence from laboratory experiments, and more recently from population surveys, shows that individuals, when evaluating their situations, pay attention to whether they experience gains or losses, with losses weighing more…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-10-17 Martyna Kobus , Radosław Kurek , Thomas Parker

When people share the same documents and observations yet reach different conclusions, the disagreement often shifts into a judgment that the other party is cognitively defective, irrational, or acting in bad faith. This paper argues that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Toru Takahashi

Commonly, the strategy revision phase in evolutionary games relies on payoff comparison. Namely, agents compare their payoff with the opponent, assessing whether changing strategy can be potentially convenient. Even tiny payoff differences…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-10-24 Marco Alberto Javarone , Shaurya Pratap Singh

This paper investigates the specific experience of following a suggestion by an intelligent machine that has a wrong outcome and the emotions people feel. By adopting a typical task employed in studies on decision-making, we presented…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Andrea Beretta , Massimo Zancanaro , Bruno Lepri

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled their use in complex agentic roles, involving decision-making with humans or other agents, making ethical alignment a key AI safety concern. While prior work has examined both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Steffen Backmann , David Guzman Piedrahita , Emanuel Tewolde , Rada Mihalcea , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin