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We present an empirical comparison between two normalization mechanisms for citation-based indicators of research performance. These mechanisms aim to normalize citation counts for the field and the year in which a publication was…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2010-09-08 Ludo Waltman , Nees Jan van Eck , Thed N. van Leeuwen , Martijn S. Visser , Anthony F. J. van Raan

Citation analysis is widely used in research evaluation to assess the impact of scientific papers. These analyses rest on the assumption that citation decisions by authors are accurate, representing the flow of knowledge from cited to…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Lutz Bornmann , Christian Leibel

Field normalized citation rates are well-established indicators for research performance from the broadest aggregation levels such as countries, down to institutes and research teams. When applied to still more specialized publication sets…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-07-26 Nadine Rons

Assessing a cited paper's impact is typically done by analyzing its citation context in isolation within the citing paper. While this focuses on the most directly relevant text, it prevents relative comparisons across all the works a paper…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Hannah Collison , Benjamin Van Durme , Daniel Khashabi

Measuring science is based on comparing articles to similar others. However, keyword-based groups of thematically similar articles are dominantly small. These small sizes keep the statistical errors of comparisons high. With the growing…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2014-11-13 Adam Szanto-Varnagy , Peter Pollner , Tamas Vicsek , Illes J. Farkas

The Center for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University advocates the use of specific normalizations for assessing research performance with reference to a world average. The Journal Citation Score (JCS) and Field Citation Score…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2010-03-11 Tobias Opthof , Loet Leydesdorff

Citation and publication profiles are gaining importance for the evaluation of top researchers when it comes to the appropriation of funding for excellence programs or career promotion judgments. Indicators like the Normalized Mean Citation…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-07-26 Lucy Amez , Nadine Rons

In research policy, effective measures that lead to improvements in the generation of knowledge must be based on reliable methods of research assessment, but for many countries and institutions this is not the case. Publication and citation…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-07-20 Alonso Rodriguez-Navarro , Ricardo Brito

The distribution of the number of academic publications as a function of citation count for a given year is remarkably similar from year to year. We measure this similarity as a width of the distribution and find it to be approximately…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-11-20 S. R. Goldberg , H. Anthony , T. S. Evans

Citation metrics are analytic measures used to evaluate the usage, impact and dissemination of scientific research. Traditionally, citation metrics have been independently measured at each level of the publication pyramid, namely at the…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Jacques Balayla

The citation impact of a scientific publication is usually seen as a one-dimensional concept. We introduce a multi-dimensional framework for characterizing the citation impact of a publication. In addition to the level of citation impact,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Yi Bu , Ludo Waltman , Yong Huang

Ageing of publications, percentage of self-citations, and impact vary from journal to journal within fields of science. The assumption that citation and publication practices are homogenous within specialties and fields of science is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-10 Loet Leydesdorff

Deep learning has had a great impact on various fields of computer science by enabling data-driven representation learning in a decade. Because science and technology policy decisions for a nation can be made on the impact of each…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Keiichi Ochiai , Yutaka Matsuo

We conducted a large-scale analysis of around 10,000 scientific articles, from the period 2007-2016, to study the bibliometric or formal aspects influencing citations. A transversal analysis was conducted disaggregating the articles into…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Pablo Dorta-González , Yolanda Santana-Jiménez

The citation distribution of a researcher shows the impact of their production and determines the success of their scientific career. However, its application in scientific evaluation is difficult due to the bi-dimensional character of the…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-04-19 Pablo Dorta-Gonzalez , Maria Isabel Dorta-Gonzalez

The web application presented in this paper allows for an analysis to reveal centres of excellence in different fields worldwide using publication and citation data. Only specific aspects of institutional performance are taken into account…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2013-07-25 Lutz Bornmann , Moritz Stefaner , Felix de Moya Anegon , Ruediger Mutz

Articles are cited for different purposes and differentiating between reasons when counting citations may therefore give finer-grained citation count information. Although identifying and aggregating the individual reasons for each citation…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2020-08-10 Mike Thelwall

Academic citations are widely used for evaluating research and tracing knowledge flows. Such uses typically rely on raw citation counts and neglect variability in citation types. In particular, citations can vary in their fidelity as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Hong Chen , Misha Teplitskiy , David Jurgens

Citation analysis is one of the most frequently used methods in research evaluation. We are seeing significant growth in citation analysis through bibliometric metadata, primarily due to the availability of citation databases such as the…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Sehrish Iqbal , Saeed-Ul Hassan , Naif Radi Aljohani , Salem Alelyani , Raheel Nawaz , Lutz Bornmann

As a simple means for comparing and - if possible - predicting scientific impacts of different researchers working in the same field, we suggest comparing their "sales curves". A sales curve is the number of citations of the researcher's…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 Werner Marx , Hermann Schier , Ole Krogh Andersen
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