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Continued fraction expansions provide a well-established bridge between algebraic properties of numbers and combinatorics on words. In this article, we investigate the algebraicity of $p$-adic numbers whose continued fractions arise from…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Laura Capuano , Sara Checcoli , Marzio Mula , Lea Terracini

We study a natural extension to complex numbers of the standard continued fractions. The basic algorithm is due to Lagrange and Gauss, though it seems to have gone mostly unnoticed as a way to create continued fractions. The new…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-22 Cormac O'Sullivan

The properties of continued fractions whose partial quotients belong to a quadratic number field K are distinct from those of classical continued fractions. Unlike classical continued fractions, it is currently impossible to identify…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Zhaonan Wang , Yingpu Deng

A number is normal in base $b$ if, in its base $b$ expansion, all blocks of digits of equal length have the same asymptotic frequency. The rate at which a number approaches normality is quantified by the classical notion of discrepancy,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-19 Verónica Becher , Nicole Graus

For uniformly chosen random $\alpha \in [0,1]$, it is known the probability the $n^{\rm th}$ digit of the continued-fraction expansion, $[\alpha]_n$ converges to the Gauss-Kuzmin distribution $\mathbb{P}([\alpha]_n = k) \approx \log_2 (1 +…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2008-02-21 John Mangual

A permutiple is a number which is an integer multiple of some permutation of its digits. A well-known example is 9801 since it is an integer multiple of its reversal, 1089. In this paper, we consider the permutiple problem in an entirely…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-02-17 Benjamin V. Holt

In 2008 or earlier, Michel Mend\`es France asked for an instance of a real number $x$ such that both $x$ and $1/x$ are simply normal to a given integer base $b$. We give a positive answer to this question by constructing a number $x$ such…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-21 Verónica Becher , Manfred G. Madritsch

A permutation is said to be cycle-alternating if it has no cycle double rises, cycle double falls or fixed points; thus each index $i$ is either a cycle valley ($\sigma^{-1}(i)>i<\sigma(i)$) or a cycle peak ($\sigma^{-1}(i)<i>\sigma(i)$).…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-16 Bishal Deb , Alan D. Sokal

In this paper we show how to apply various techniques and theorems (including Pincherle's theorem, an extension of Euler's formula equating infinite series and continued fractions, an extension of the corresponding transformation that…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-07 James Mc Laughlin , Nancy J. Wyshinski

This paper concerns extension of the classical Lagrange theorem, on the eventual periodicity of continued fraction expansions of quadratic surds, and the versions of it found in the literature in the case of complex numbers. In this…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-09 S. G. Dani , Ojas Sahasrabudhe

In this paper we define "a continued fraction expansion of the exponential integral $E_{1}(x)$ at infinity", which is analogous to the regular continued fraction expansion of real numbers, and prove that this expansion gives the same…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-06-03 Naoki Murabayashi , Hayato Yoshida

It is widely believed that the continued fraction expansion of every irrational algebraic number $\alpha$ either is eventually periodic (and we know that this is the case if and only if $\alpha$ is a quadratic irrational), or it contains…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-05-07 Boris Adamczewski , Yann Bugeaud , Les J. L. Davison

Recently a new class of continued fraction algorithms, the $(N,\alpha$)-expansions, was introduced for each $N\in\mathbb{N}$, $N\geq 2$ and $\alpha \in (0,\sqrt{N}-1]$. Each of these continued fraction algorithms has only finitely many…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-10-26 Cor Kraaikamp , Niels Langeveld

We give 50 digits values of the simple continued fractions whose denominators are formed from a) prime numbers, b) twin primes, c) generalized $d$-twins, d) primes of the form $m^2+n^4$, e)primes of the form $m^2+1$, f) Mersenne primes and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-09-28 Marek Wolf

We prove the convergence of a wide class of continued fractions, including generalized continued fractions over quaternions and octonions. Fractional points in these systems are not bounded away from the unit sphere, so that the iteration…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-26 Anton Lukyanenko , Joseph Vandehey

Let $\theta$ and $\rho$ be real numbers with $0 \le \theta, \rho < 1$ and $\theta$ irrational. We show that the Hecke-Mahler series $$ F_{\theta, \rho} (z_1, z_2) = \sum_{k_1 \ge 1} \, \sum_{k_2 = 1}^{\lfloor k_1 \theta + \rho \rfloor} \,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-25 Yann Bugeaud , Michel Laurent

In a partially ordered semigroup with the duality (or polarity) transform, it is possible to define a generalisation of continued fractions. General sufficient conditions for convergence of continued fractions with deterministic terms are…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2014-09-08 Ilya Molchanov

We give conditions on sequences of positive algebraic numbers $\{a_{n,j}\}_{n=1}^\infty$, $j=1,\dots ,M$ and number field $\mathbb K$ to ensure that the numbers defined by the continued fractions $[0;a_{1,j},a_{2,j},\dots ]$, $j=1,\dots ,M$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-06-28 Jaroslav Hančl , Mathias L. Laursen , Jitu Berhanu Leta

We prove results concerning the joint limiting distribution of the renewal time of denominators and consecutive digits of random irrational numbers in the case of continued fractions with even partial quotients, with odd partial quotients,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-01-01 Florin P. Boca , Joseph Vandehey

A classical result of Khinchin says that for almost all real numbers $\alpha$, the geometric mean of the first $n$ digits $a_i(\alpha)$ in the continued fraction expansion of $\alpha$ converges to a number $K = 2.6854520\ldots$ (Khinchin's…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-07-30 Francesco Cellarosi , Doug Hensley , Steven J. Miller , Jake L. Wellens