Related papers: Virtual Links in Arbitrary Dimensions
We use crossing parity to construct a generalization of biquandles for virtual knots which we call Parity Biquandles. These structures include all biquandles as a standard example referred to as the even parity biquandle. Additionally, we…
In this paper we discuss topological BF theories in 3 and 4 dimensions. Observables are associated to ordinary knots and links (in 3 dimensions) and to 2-knots (in 4 dimensions). The vacuum expectation values of such observables give a wide…
We define a family of quiver representation-valued invariants of oriented classical and virtual knots and links associated to a choice of finite quandle $X$, abelian group $A$, set of quandle 2-cocycles $C\subset H^2_Q(x;A)$, choice of…
We define numerical link-homotopy invariants of link maps of any number of components, which naturally generalize the Kirk invariant. The Kirk invariant is a link-homotopy invariant of 2-component link maps given by linking numbers of loops…
We study invariants of virtual graphoids, which are virtual spatial graph diagrams with two distinguished degree-one vertices modulo graph Reidemeister moves applied away from the distinguished vertices. Generalizing previously known…
We consider Milnor invariants for certain covering links as a generalization of covering linkage invariants formulated by R. Hartley and K. Murasugi. A set of Milnor invariants for covering links is a cobordism invariant of a link, and that…
The Maxwell group in 2+1 dimensions is given by a particular extension of a semi-direct product. This mathematical structure provides a sound framework to study different generalizations of the Maxwell symmetry in three space-time…
We introduce an algebraic structure we call semiquandles whose axioms are derived from flat Reidemeister moves. Finite semiquandles have associated counting invariants and enhanced invariants defined for flat virtual knots and links. We…
Fixing two concordant links in $3$--space, we study the set of all embedded concordances between them, as knotted annuli in $4$--space. When regarded up to surface-concordance or link-homotopy, the set $\mathcal{C}(L)$ of concordances from…
In this paper we give a re-normalization of the Reshetikhin-Turaev quantum invariants of links, by modified quantum dimensions. In the case of simple Lie algebras these modified quantum dimensions are proportional to the usual quantum…
The Euler characteristic of the link of a real algebraic variety is an interesting topological invariant in order to discuss local topological properties. We prove in the paper that an invariant stronger than the Euler Characteristic is…
We introduce two new families of polynomial invariants of oriented classical and virtual knots and links defined as decategorfications of the quandle coloring quiver. We provide examples to illustrate the computation of the invariants, show…
This paper is an introduction to the subject of virtual knot theory, combined with a discussion of some specific new theorems about virtual knots. The new results are as follows: We prove, using a 3-dimensional topology approach that if a…
In the present paper, we construct the Khovanov homology theory for virtual links. Besides the direct approach with Z_{2} coefficients we also describe the Khovanov homology for framed links and the Khovanov homology using ``double cover''.…
In this paper we introduce two theories of finite type invariants for framed links with fixed linking matrix. We show that these thepries are related to the theory of Vassiliev invariants of framed links. We also study the corresponding…
We define a family of generalizations of the two-variable quandle polynomial. These polynomial invariants generalize in a natural way to eight-variable polynomial invariants of finite biquandles. We use these polynomials to define a family…
We present two different constructions of invariants for Legendrian knots in the standard contact space $\R^3$. These invariants are defined combinatorially, in terms of certain planar projections, and are useful in distinguishing…
We consider the group of unrestricted virtual braids, describe its structure and explore its relations with fused links. Also, we define the groups of flat virtual braids and virtual Gauss braids and study some of their properties, in…
We describe a way of representing finite biquandles with n elements as 2n x 2n block matrices. Any finite biquandle defines an invariant of virtual knots through counting homomorphisms. The counting invariants of non-quandle biquandles can…
We define a homology theory of virtual links built out of the direct sum of the standard Khovanov complex with itself, motivating the name doubled Khovanov homology. We demonstrate that it can be used to show that some virtual links are…