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In this paper we give an exact analytical expression for the number of spanning trees of an infinite family of outerplanar, small-world and self-similar graphs. This number is an important graph invariant related to different topological…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-06-11 Francesc Comellas , Alicia Miralles , Hongxiao Liu , Zhongzhi Zhang

We prove, that every connected graph with $s$ vertices of degree 3 and $t$ vertices of degree at least~4 has a spanning tree with at least ${2\over 5}t +{1\over 5}s+\alpha$ leaves, where $\alpha \ge {8\over 5}$. Moreover, $\alpha \ge 2$ for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-05-29 D. V. Karpov

We prove that any planar graph on $n$ vertices has less than $O(5{.}2852^n)$ spanning trees. Under the restriction that the planar graph is 3-connected and contains no triangle and no quadrilateral the number of its spanning trees is less…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-09-07 Kevin Buchin , André Schulz

In this paper algebraic and combinatorial properties and a computation of the number of the spanning trees are developed for certain graphs. To this purpose, an original method, independent of the spectrum of the Laplacian matrix associated…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Maurizio Imbesi , Monica La Barbiera , Santo Saraceno

A bi-Cayley graph over a cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}_n$ is called a bicirculant graph. Let $\Gamma=BC(\mathbb{Z}_n; R,T,S)$ be a bicirculant graph with $R=R^{-1}\subseteq \mathbb{Z}_n\setminus \{0\}$ and $T=T^{-1}\subseteq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-22 Jing Yang , Fangming Xian

For any connected multigraph $G=(V,E)$ and any $M\subseteq E$, if $M$ induces an acyclic subgraph of $G$ and removing all edges in $M$ yields a subgraph of $G$ whose components are complete graphs, a formula for $\tau_G(M)$ is obtained,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-18 Fengming Dong

Using the theoretical basis developed by Yao and Zeilberger, we consider certain graph families whose structure results in a rational generating function for sequences related to spanning tree enumeration. Said families are Powers of Cycles…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Pablo Blanco , Doron Zeilberger

Kirchhoff showed that the number of spanning trees of a graph is the spectral determinant of the combinatorial Laplacian divided by the number of vertices; we reframe this result in the quantum graph setting. We prove that the spectral…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2023-03-29 Jonathan Harrison , Tracy Weyand

We consider the Peano curve separating a spanning tree from its dual spanning tree on an embedded planar graph, where the tree and dual tree are weighted by $y$ to the number of active edges, and "active" is in the sense of the Tutte…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-03-15 Adrien Kassel , David B. Wilson

Given a graph, we can form a spanning forest by first sorting the edges in some order, and then only keep edges incident to a vertex which is not incident to any previous edge. The resulting forest is dependent on the ordering of the edges,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-02-16 Steve Butler , Misa Hamanaka , Marie Hardt

The rainbow arborescence conjecture posits that if the arcs of a directed graph with $n$ vertices are colored by $n-1$ colors such that each color class forms a spanning arborescence, then there is a spanning arborescence that contains…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-10 Kristóf Bérczi , Tamás Király , Yutaro Yamaguchi , Yu Yokoi

We derive two formulas for the weighted sums of rooted spanning forests of particular sequence of graphs by using the matrix tree theorem. We consider cycle graphs with edges so called the pendant edges. One of our formula can be described…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-13 Hajime Fujita , Kimiko Hasegawa , Yukie Inaba , Takefumi Kondo

For integer $k\geq2,$ a spanning $k$-ended-tree is a spanning tree with at most $k$ leaves. Motivated by the closure theorem of Broersma and Tuinstra [Independence trees and Hamilton cycles, J. Graph Theory 29 (1998) 227--237], we provide…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Guoyan Ao , Ruifang Liu , Jinjiang Yuan

We present a nice result on the probability of a cycle occurring in a randomly generated graph. We then provide some extensions and applications, including the proof of the famous Cayley formula, which states that the number of labeled…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-12-17 Scott Wu , Ray Li , Andrew He , Steven Hao

A tree with at most $k$ leaves is called a $k$-ended tree. A spanning 2-ended tree is a Hamilton path. A Hamilton cycle can be considered as a spanning 1-ended tree. The earliest result concerning spanning trees with few leaves states that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-09 Zh. G. Nikoghosyan

We present a link-by-link rule-based method for constructing all members of the ensemble of spanning trees for any recursively generated, finitely articulated graph, such as the DGM net. The recursions allow for many large-scale properties…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-03-14 C. Tyler Diggans , Erik M. Bollt , Daniel ben-Avraham

We consider the following question: How many edge-disjoint plane spanning trees are contained in a complete geometric graph $GK_n$ on any set $S$ of $n$ points in general position in the plane? We show that this number is in…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Oswin Aichholzer , Thomas Hackl , Matias Korman , Marc van Kreveld , Maarten Löffler , Alexander Pilz , Bettina Speckmann , Emo Welzl

Motivated in part by an observation that the zero forcing number for the complement of a tree on $n$ vertices is either $n-3$ or $n-1$ in one exceptional case, we consider the zero forcing number for the complement of more general graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Emelie Curl , Shaun Fallat , Ryan Moruzzi , Carolyn Reinhart , Derek Young

Let $T$ be a tree. A vertex of degree one is a \emph{leaf} of $T$ and a vertex of degree at least three is a \emph{branch vertex} of $T$. A graph is said to be claw-free if it does not contain $K_{1,3}$ as an induced subgraph. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-26 Pham Hoang Ha , Nguyen Gia Hien

Let $T$ be a tree, a vertex of degree one and a vertex of degree at least three is called a leaf and a branch vertex, respectively. The set of leaves of $T$ is denoted by $Leaf(T)$. The subtree $T-Leaf(T)$ of $T$ is called the stem of $T$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-02-28 Pham Hoang Ha