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We study the mathematical and economic structure of the Kolkata (k) index of income inequality. We show that the k-index always exists and is a unique fixed point of the complementary Lorenz function, where the Lorenz function itself gives…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-10-27 Suchismita Banerjee , Bikas K. Chakrabarti , Manipushpak Mitra , Suresh Mutuswami

Transactions are an important aspect of human social life, and represent dynamic flow of information, intangible values, such as trust, as well as monetary and social capital. Although much research has been conducted on the nature of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Mayank Kejriwal , Yuesheng Luo

A Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the distribution of income or wealth within a population. The generalized Lorenz curve can be created by scaling the values on the vertical axis of a Lorenz curve by the average output of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-26 Suthakaran Ratnasingam , Anton Butenko

Based on some analytic structural properties of the Gini and Kolkata indices for social inequality, as obtained from a generic form of the Lorenz function, we make a conjecture that the limiting (effective saturation) value of the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-04-09 Asim Ghosh , Bikas K Chakrabarti

Since the problem: "What is statistics?" is most fundamental in sceince, in order to solve this problem, there is every reason to believe that we have to start from the proposal of a worldview. Recently we proposed measurement theory (i.e.,…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2012-07-03 Shiro Ishikawa

Assessing the spatial fairness of predictive models involves establishing whether they are statistically penalizing (favoring) individuals associated with certain geographical locations. Literature on this topic makes the fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Francesco Lettich , Mario A. Nascimento , Chiara Pugliese , Chiara Renso

Many questions of fundamental interest in todays science can be formulated as inference problems: Some partial, or noisy, observations are performed over a set of variables and the goal is to recover, or infer, the values of the variables…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-01-24 Lenka Zdeborová , Florent Krzakala

We investigate the static and dynamic properties of a celebrated model of social segregation, providing a complete explanation of the mechanisms leading to segregation both in one- and two-dimensional systems. Standard statistical physics…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 Luca Dall'Asta , Claudio Castellano , Matteo Marsili

We briefly review a perspective along which the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics, the strongly chaotic dynamical systems, and the Schroedinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac partial differential equations are seen as linear physics, and are…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-02-16 Contantino Tsallis

Understanding the statistical dynamics of growth and inequality is a fundamental challenge to ecology and society. Recent analyses of wealth and income dynamics in contemporary societies show that economic inequality is very dynamic and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-10-19 Jordan T. Kemp , Luis M. A. Bettencourt

We have studied few social inequality measures associated with the sub-critical dynamical features (measured in terms of the avalanche size distributions) of four self-organized critical models while the corresponding systems approach their…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-04-06 S. S. Manna , Soumyajyoti Biswas , Bikas K. Chakrabarti

The statistical measure of spatial inhomogeneity for n points placed in chi cells each of size kxk is generalized to incorporate finite size objects like black pixels for binary patterns of size LxL. As a function of length scale k, the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 Ryszard Piasecki

We study a phenomenon occuring in various areas of quantum physics, in which an observable density (such as an energy density) which is classically pointwise nonnegative may assume arbitrarily negative expectation values after quantisation,…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Simon P. Eveson , Christopher J. Fewster , Rainer Verch

Over the last decades, the distribution of income and wealth has been deteriorating in many countries, leading to increased inequalities within and between societies. This tendency has revived the interest in the subject greatly, yet it…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-09-22 F. Clementi , M. Gallegati

Various papers demonstrate the importance of inequality, poverty and the size of the middle class for economic growth. When explaining why these measures of the income distribution are added to the growth regression, it is often mentioned…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-03-07 Max Köhler , Stefan Sperlich , Jisu Yoon

Power law or generalized polynomial regressions with unknown real-valued exponents and coefficients, and weakly dependent errors, are considered for observations over time, space or space--time. Consistency and asymptotic normality of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-05-14 Peter M. Robinson

This paper studies a class of rank-based inequality measures built from linear combinations of expected order statistics. The proposed framework unifies several well-known indices, including the classical Gini coefficient, the $m$th Gini…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Roberto Vila , Helton Saulo

Extensive cooperation among unrelated individuals is unique to humans, who often sacrifice personal benefits for the common good and work together to achieve what they are unable to execute alone. The evolutionary success of our species is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-07-13 Matjaz Perc , Jillian J. Jordan , David G. Rand , Zhen Wang , Stefano Boccaletti , Attila Szolnoki

We formulate a spatial extension of the Leggett-Garg inequality by considering three distant observers locally measuring a many-body system at three subsequent times. The spatial form, in particular, is specially suited to analyze…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Guillem Müller-Rigat , Donato Farina , Maciej Lewenstein , Andrea Tononi

This chapter seeks to outline a few basic problems in quantum statistical physics where recent experimental advances from the atomic physics community offer the hope of dramatic progress. The focus is on nonequilibrium situations where the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2011-06-21 Austen Lamacraft , Joel Moore