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In this article, the notion of a mathematical model in science is attempted to be enlightened from several points of view. In particular, it is shown that mathematical models are introduced differently and used differently in different…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-05-25 Inge S. Helland

We propose a stochastic map model of economic dynamics. In the last decade, an array of observations in economics has been investigated in the econophysics literature, a major example being the universal features of inequality in terms of…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-05-27 Anindya S. Chakrabarti

Urban inequality, as reflected by uneven spatial allocations of resources, services, and opportunities, has arisen as a major topic for quantitative research and policy intervention. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a solid…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-13 Mahshid Gorjian

This article is a supplement to my main contribution to the Routledge Handbook of Complexity Economics (2023). On the basis of three recent papers, it presents an unconventional perspective on economic inequality from a statistical physics…

General Economics · Economics 2023-07-06 Victor M. Yakovenko

A brief overview of the models and data analyses of income, wealth, consumption distributions by the physicists, are presented here. It has been found empirically that the distributions of income and wealth possess fairly robust features,…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-08-07 Kiran Sharma , Anirban Chakraborti

Given many popular functional forms for the Lorenz curve do not have a closed-form expression for the Gini index and no study has utilized the observed Gini index to estimate parameter(s) associated with the corresponding parametric…

General Economics · Economics 2022-01-03 Thitithep Sitthiyot , Kanyarat Holasut

Social inequalities are ubiquitous and here we show that the values of the Gini ($g$) and Kolkata ($k$) indices, two generic inequality indices, approach each other (starting from $g = 0$ and $k = 0.5$ for equality) as the competitions grow…

The logical foundations of Bell's inequality are reexamined. We argue that the form of the reality condition that underpins Bell's inequality comes from the requirement of solving the quantum measurement problem. Hence any violation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-19 John V. Corbett , Dipankar Home

The paper covers the new model of wage distribution in typical group of people. The model provides the opportunity to reparameterize applicable income distribution model: Pareto, logarithmically normal, logarithmically logistic, Dagum etc.…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2013-09-17 Dmitry Schmerling

This paper re-examines the first normalized incomplete moment, a well-established measure of inequality with wide applications in economic and social sciences. Despite the popularity of the measure itself, existing statistical inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Jiannan Lu , Peng Ding , Anqi Zhao

Challenges due to the rapid urbanization of the world -- especially in emerging countries -- range from an increasing dependence on energy, to air pollution, socio-spatial inequalities, environmental and sustainability issues. Modelling the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-05-07 Marc Barthelemy

Quantitative social science is not only about regression analysis or, in general, data inference. Computer simulations of social mechanisms have a 60-year long history. They have been used for many different purposes -- to test scenarios,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-10-01 Petter Holme , Fredrik Liljeros

Social media content shared today in cities, such as Instagram images, their tags and descriptions, is the key form of contemporary city life. It tells people where activities and locations that interest them are and it allows them to share…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Agustin Indaco , Lev Manovich

This paper introduces a novel framework for measuring multidimensional inequality based on a statistical physics reinterpretation of centrifugal and centripetal forces in rotating systems. Inspired by the mechanics of the Gravitron and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-10-21 Rolando Gonzales Martinez

Recent decades have seen a rise in the use of physics methods to study different societal phenomena. This development has been due to physicists venturing outside of their traditional domains of interest, but also due to scientists from…

We propose a highly schematic economic model in which, in some cases, wage inequalities lead to higher overall social welfare. This is due to the fact that high earners can consume low productivity, non essential products, which allows…

General Economics · Economics 2020-04-22 Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

Across income groups and countries, individual citizens perceive economic inequality spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actualinequality informing redistributive…

General Economics · Economics 2022-04-05 Jan Schulz , Daniel M. Mayerhoffer , Anna Gebhard

Income inequality estimators are biased in small samples, leading generally to an underestimation. This aspect deserves particular attention when estimating inequality in small domains and performing small area estimation at the area level.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-23 Silvia De Nicolò , Maria Rosaria Ferrante , Silvia Pacei

Lorenz values and the Gini index are popular quantities in Mathematical Economics, and are used here in the context of quantum systems with finite-dimensional Hilbert space. They quantify the uncertainty in the probability distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-26 A. Vourdas

I give a highly selective overview of the way statistical mechanics explains the microscopic origins of the time asymmetric evolution of macroscopic systems towards equilibrium and of first order phase transitions in equilibrium. These…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Joel L. Lebowitz