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Cosmic-ray (CR) sources temporarily enhance the relativistic particle density in their vicinity over the background distribution accumulated from the Galaxy-wide past injection activity and propagation. If individual sources are close…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-18 Guðlaugur Jóhannesson , Troy A. Porter

A fundamental problem of cosmic ray (CR) physics is the determination of the average properties of Galactic CRs outside the Solar system. Starting from COS-B data in the 1980's, gamma-ray observations of molecular clouds in the Gould Belt…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-05 M. Kachelriess , S. Ostapchenko

A flux of cosmic rays (CRs) propagating through a diffuse ionized gas can excite MHD waves, thus generating magnetic disturbances. We propose a generic model of CR penetration into molecular clouds through their diffuse envelopes, and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-03-14 A. V. Ivlev , V. A. Dogiel , D. O. Chernyshov , P. Caselli , C. -M. Ko , K. S. Cheng

The energy spectrum of electrons produced in molecular gas by interstellar cosmic rays (CRs) is rigorously calculated as a function of gas column density $N$ traversed by the CRs. This allows us to accurately compute the local value of the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-03-17 Alexei V. Ivlev , Kedron Silsbee , Marco Padovani , Daniele Galli

We study the capability of low-energy cosmic rays (CR) to penetrate into diffuse clouds when they move from the hot ionized plasma to a cool cloud embedded in that plasma. The spectrum of CR inside a cloud can be remarkably different from…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-10-30 Giovanni Morlino , Stefano Gabici

Context: Molecular data of extreme environments, such as Arp 220, but also NGC 253, show evidence for extremely high cosmic ray (CR) rates (10^3-10^4 * Milky Way) and mechanical heating from supernova driven turbulence. Aims: The…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 R. Meijerink , M. Spaans , A. F. Loenen , P. P. van der Werf

We compute the desorption rate of icy mantles on dust grains as a function of the size and composition of both the grain and the mantle. We combine existing models of cosmic ray (CR) related desorption phenomena with a model of CR transport…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-09-22 Kedron Silsbee , Paola Caselli , Alexei V. Ivlev

Cosmic rays are able to heat interstellar dust grains. This may enhance molecule mobility in icy mantles that have accumulated on the grains in dark cloud cores. A three-phase astrochemical model was used to investigate the molecule…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-03-14 Juris Kalvans

The density of cosmic rays inside molecular clouds determines the ionization rate in the dense cores where stars form. It is also one of the drivers of astrochemistry leading to the creation of complex molecules. Through Fermi Large Area…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-01-18 Rui-zhi Yang , Guang-Xing Li , Emma de Oña Wilhelmi , Yu-Dong Cui , Bing Liu , Felix Aharonian

Dust particles immersed in a plasma environment become charged through the collection of electrons and ions at random times, causing the dust charge to fluctuate about an equilibrium value. Small grains (with radii less than 1 \mum) or…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2018-05-16 Lorin S. Matthews , Babak Shotorban , Truell W. Hyde

We study the effects of escaping cosmic rays (CRs) on the interstellar medium (ISM) around their source with spherically symmetric CR-hydrodynamical simulations taking into account the evolution of the CR energy spectrum, radiative cooling,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-07 Jiro Shimoda , Katsuaki Asano , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

In the Milky Way, cosmic rays (CRs) are dynamically important in the interstellar medium, contribute to hydrostatic balance, and may help regulate star formation. However, we know far less about the importance of CRs in galaxies whose gas…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-01-27 Roland M. Crocker , Mark R. Krumholz , Todd A. Thompson

Recent work has both illuminated and mystified our attempts to understand cosmic rays (CRs) in starburst galaxies. I discuss my new research exploring how CRs interact with the ISM in starbursts. Molecular clouds provide targets for CR…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-17 Brian C. Lacki

We reported the gamma-ray observation towards the giant molecular cloud Polaris Flare. Together with the dust column density map, we derived the cosmic ray density and spectrum in this cloud. Compared with the CR measured locally, the CR…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-12-08 Zhi-wei Cui , Rui-zhi Yang , Bing Liu

Dust grains grow in interstellar clouds by accretion and coagulation. In this paper, we focus on these two grain growth processes and numerically investigate how they interplay to increase the grain radii. We show that accretion efficiently…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-04 Hiroyuki Hirashita

The nature of cosmic rays (CRs) and cosmic ray transport in galaxy clusters is probed by a number of observations. Radio observations reveal the synchrotron radiation of cosmic ray electrons (CRe) spiraling around cluster magnetic fields.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-06-26 Joshua Wiener , Ellen G. Zweibel

Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) play a crucial role in galaxy formation and evolution by altering gas dynamics and chemistry across multiple scales. Typical numerical simulations of CR transport assume a constant diffusion coefficient for the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-16 Sarah Thiele , Romain Teyssier

Icy grains in the interstellar medium and star-formation regions consist of a variety of materials. Such composite grains interact differently with cosmic-ray (CR) particles compared to simple single-material grains. We aim to calculate the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-09-21 Juris Kalvans , Juris Roberts Kalnin

The influence of an inhomogeneous screened electric field on the charging of dust grains in a thermal dusty plasma is studied. The electric field of charged grains is considered within the cell approach, where the problem is reduced to a…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2012-12-04 Dmitrii Yu. Mishagli

We study the effects of the velocity distribution functions of the plasma particles on the equilibrium charge of dust grains, acquired through inelastic collisions of the particles with the grains. This paper is the second in a series of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Rudi Gaelzer , Luiz Fernando Ziebell