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A recurring debate in the philosophy of statistics concerns what, exactly, should count as a measure of evidence for or against a given hypothesis. P-values, likelihood ratios, and Bayes factors all have their defenders. In this paper we…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Ben Chugg , Aaditya Ramdas , Peter Grünwald

We introduce estimation and test procedures through divergence minimiza- tion for models satisfying linear constraints with unknown parameter. These procedures extend the empirical likelihood (EL) method and share common features with…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-25 Michel Broniatowski , Amor Keziou

Importance weighted variational inference (Burda et al., 2015) uses multiple i.i.d. samples to have a tighter variational lower bound. We believe a joint proposal has the potential of reducing the number of redundant samples, and introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Chin-Wei Huang , Kris Sankaran , Eeshan Dhekane , Alexandre Lacoste , Aaron Courville

Current evaluations of LLM safety predominantly rely on severity-based taxonomies to assess the harmfulness of malicious queries. We argue that this formulation requires re-examination as it assumes uniform risk across all malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yen-Shan Chen , Zhi Rui Tam , Cheng-Kuang Wu , Yun-Nung Chen

Standard language model evaluations can fail to capture risks that emerge only at deployment scale. For example, a model may produce safe responses during a small-scale beta test, yet reveal dangerous information when processing billions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Erik Jones , Meg Tong , Jesse Mu , Mohammed Mahfoud , Jan Leike , Roger Grosse , Jared Kaplan , William Fithian , Ethan Perez , Mrinank Sharma

The paper discusses capital allocation using the Euler formula and focuses on the risk measures Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected shortfall (ES). Some new results connected to this capital allocation is known. Two examples illustrate that…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-02 Lars Holden

Large deviation theory has provided important clues for the choice of importance sampling measures for Monte Carlo evaluation of exceedance probabilities. However, Glasserman and Wang [Ann. Appl. Probab. 7 (1997) 731--746] have given…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Hock Peng Chan , Tze Leung Lai

We introduce a new regression method that relates the mean of an outcome variable to covariates, under the "adverse condition" that a distress variable falls in its tail. This allows to tailor classical mean regressions to adverse…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-04 Timo Dimitriadis , Yannick Hoga

Reliability (survival analysis, to biostatisticians) is a key ingredient for mak- ing decisions that mitigate the risk of failure. The other key ingredient is utility. A decision theoretic framework harnesses the two, but to invoke this…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-07-24 Nozer D. Singpurwalla

We propose a new approach, termed Realized Risk Measures (RRM), to estimate Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) using high-frequency financial data. It extends the Realized Quantile (RQ) approach proposed by Dimitriadis and…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-21 Federico Gatta , Fabrizio Lillo , Piero Mazzarisi

Stratifying factors, like age and gender, can modify the effect of treatments and exposures on risk of a studied outcome. Several effect measures, including the relative risk, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and risk difference, can be used to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-05 Jake Shannin , Babette A. Brumback

We propose an $\ell_1$-penalized estimator for high-dimensional models of Expected Shortfall (ES). The estimator is obtained as the solution to a least-squares problem for an auxiliary dependent variable, which is defined as a…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-01-25 Sander Barendse

The processes of the averaged regression quantiles and of their modifications provide useful tools in the regression models when the covariates are not fully under our control. As an application we mention the probabilistic risk assessment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-19 Jana Jurečková , Martin Schindler , Jan Picek

Balancing a rare and serious possibility against a more common and less serious one is a familiar problem in many situations, such as the prediction of rare diseases. The relative costs of forecasting errors can be used for any prediction…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-05-04 Paul T Seed

We investigate the probability equivalent level of Value at Risk and $n^{\mathrm{th}}$-order Expected Shortfall (called PELVE_n), which can be considered as a variant of the notion of the probability equivalent level of Value at Risk and…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-11-21 Matyas Barczy , Fanni K. Nedényi , László Sütő

Risk prediction models are often advertised as deterministic functions that map covariates to predicted risks. However, they are typically trained using finite samples, and as such, their predictions are inherently uncertain. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-03 Abdollah Safari , Paul Gustafson , Mohsen Sadatsafavi

We introduce a semiparametric approach for forecasting Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) by modeling the conditional scale of financial returns, defined as the difference between two specified quantiles, via restricted…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-18 Xiaochun Liu , Richard Luger

The celebrated Expected Shortfall (ES) optimization formula implies that ES at a fixed probability level is the minimum of a linear real function plus a scaled mean excess function. We establish a reverse ES optimization formula, which says…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-23 Yuanying Guan , Zhanyi Jiao , Ruodu Wang

Elicitable functionals and (strictly) consistent scoring functions are of interest due to their utility of determining (uniquely) optimal forecasts, and thus the ability to effectively backtest predictions. However, in practice, assuming…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-18 Kathleen E. Miao , Silvana M. Pesenti

Recently Hui et al. (2018) use F tests for testing a subset of random effect, demonstrating its computational simplicity and exactness when the first two moment of the random effects are specified. We extended the investigation of the F…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-11 P. Y. O'Shaughnessy , Francis Hui , Samuel Muller , A. H. Welsh